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DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 



OF 



GREEK COINS 



SELECTED FROM THE CABINET 



OF 



CLARENCE S. BEMENT, Esq. 



PHILADELPHIA 



A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 



GREEK COINS 



SELECTED FROM THE CABINET 



OF 



CLARENCE S. BEMENT, Esq. 



PHILADELPHIA 



THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY 

BROADWAY AT 156ih STREET 

NEW YORK 

1921 



JL3& 




c? 



152 PURCHASE ST. 



dec ii(i;? 



FOREWORD 

Soon after the manuscript of this catalogue had reached the 
printer's hands Mr. Clarence S. Bement, the owner of the coins here 
described, became very ill and now for many months has been unable 
to carry further whatever plans he may have had for the development 
of his already splendid collection of antique coins. This interruption is 
most unfortunate, considering his achievements in other fields, for Mr. 
Bement has long been prominent in a small group of Americans who 
find relaxation from their occupations in the pursuit of some branch of 
art or science and devote no inconsiderable amount of time, money, 
and industry to the collection of material illustrative of the subjects 
that claim their interest. Their enthusiasm and their collections have 
done much to develop our libraries, museums, art galleries, and other 
agents of public education. 

Mr. Bement 's interest in books and prints resulted in the forma- 
tion of one of the noted private libraries of the country. This library 
was disposed of several years ago, some of the fine volumes passing 
through the hands of the late Mr. Harry Widener to Harvard Universi- 
ty, while many rare prints went into the possession of a distinguished 
Philadelphia jurist. 

It was to minerals that Mr. Bement devoted the most of his leisure 
and the greatest care. His collection, purchased by the late Mr. J. 
Pierpont Morgan for the American Museum of Natural History in New 
York City, is rated "the finest ever made by a private individual". 
Its real value is not measured so much by the more than 12,000 su- 
perior specimens as by the scientific importance given it by the dis- 
criminating care of an industrious student of the subject, who " had a 
comprehensive knowledge of minerals, and was one of the most dis- 
cerning and intelligent collectors that ever bought minerals ' ' . 

It has been only a few years since Mr. Bement became interested 
in coins. At first this interest extended to both ancient and modern 
coins, but the latter, including the American series, soon ceased to be 
attractive, because lacking historical or artistic values. He has there- 
fore of late concentrated his attention on Greek and Roman coins, his 
collections of which grew rapidly. Studious and painstaking he has 
built up a collection of far greater value to science than its actual cost 
in money, a collection which should by some means pass into public 
ownership. 

t. l. c. 

September 1, 1921. 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

The following catalogue includes only a small portion of the col- 
lection of Greek coins in the cabinet of Mr. Clarence S. Bement, Phil- 
adelphia, and embraces none of his much larger and, if possible, finer 
collection of Roman coins. In answer to the natural question, why the 
entire collection of Greek coins was not included, it 'may be said that 
such a publication would place before the various classes of persons in - 
terested in the study of antiquity a great deal of material that is already 
available in numerous treatises as well as in scientific and sales cata- 
logues. It seemed useless, therefore, to include the hundreds of speci- 
mens found in almost every considerable collection of Greek coins or 
even the scores possessed by many collectors. A complete catalogue of 
Mr. Bement' s Greek coins would, in addition to the useful purpose of 
this publication, chiefly have served to exploit the riches of his carefully 
selected collection, a consideration quite foreign to his desires. Accord- 
ingly, the selection of the 370 specimens that are here described has 
been restricted to examples that are either very rare or at least not very 
abundant. Among the latter will be found some that have been in- 
cluded because of their exceedingly fine state of preservation, being 
often rare in that important respect. 

If, however, almost perfect preservation had been made a controll- 
ing or even an important principle in choosing specimens from Mr. 
Bement's collection for this catalogue, almost the entire contents of his 
cabinet would have been included. For thanks to a long experience as 
a collector of various objects that engaged his interest, especially in 
forming a large library of rare books and prints as well as in bringing 
together a now renowned collection of minerals, Mr. Bement began the 
acquisition of antique coins with a lively sense of the important part 
the fine condition of a specimen contributes to the owner's satisfaction 
and also to the progressive development of a collection. That was a 
great advantage, and a glance at the plates of this catalogue will dis- 
close to the expert eye how well he made use of it. 

The catalogue has been prepared with notes of a varied character, 
not always numismatic, perhaps not always relevant, in the modest hope 
of making it useful to a larger public than that to which bare descrip- 



Introductory Note 

tions of the coins would appeal. No effort has been made to contribute 
anything new, though in numerous places will be found statements that 
are at variance with the generally accepted views. The sources of the 
material used are too well known to require special mention. 

The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Edward 
T. Newell, President of the American Numismatic Society, for helpful 
suggestions and corrections ; also to Mr. Sydney P. Noe, Secretary of 
the same Society, and to Mrs. Agnes Baldwin Brett, for assistance in 
tracing the provenience of many specimens as well as for various sug- 
gestions. 

T. L. COMTARETTE. 



CATALOGUE OF GREEK COINS 



ITALY 

ETRTJRIA 

Very little authentic history of the Etruscans has been preserved, and that little has to do 
chiefly with the last century or two of their independence. We shall probably know a great deal 
more of this remarkable people when the numerous Etruscan inscriptions have been read. Their 
empire was once extensive and they possessed a large sea-power. Their decline began with the 
defeat of their fleet combined with that of Carthage by Hieron of Syracuse off Cumae in B. C. 
474, and was hastened by the fall of Veii in 386 B. C. Though the Etruscans attained a high 
degree of civilization at an early period, yet they struck no coins until the fifth century B. C. 

Uncertain Mint, Fifth Century B. C. 

\ JR. Stater ; 11.11 gr. 1 ; 22.5 mm. Obv. Young male head, laureate, r. ; be- 
hind, A (=5) ; the whole within circle of dots. 
Rev. Plain. 
Prowe Coll. 
A plain reverse and marks of value characterize many of the Etruscan coins. 

CAMPANIA 

Atella was an ancient Samnite town that had evidently been conquered by the Etruscans at 
an early period when the empire of the latter embraced a portion of the Campania. Samnite in- 
fluence long survived, however, as the Oscan inscriptions on the coins show ; for the town struck 
no coins till about 250 B. C. The place was famous in antiquity as the place where the Fabulae 
Atellanae originated, a sort of farce comedy long held in esteem at Korae. 

2 M. Hexas ; 13.00 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate, r. ; behind, 
around, circle of dots. 

Rev. J, J<J3HR( ADERL ) Two generals standing face to face, wearing cuirasses, 
paludamenta, and high boots, holding a pig in 1., their raised swords in r. hands ; in 
field to 1., I ; border of dots. 2 

CHagan 17. 

1 This abbreviation is, in all cases, for grammes. 

2 The arrow-head following the designation "Rev." gives the position of the reverse die relative 
to that of the obverse assumed to be in a vertical position. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 3 

The reverse type shows an oath-scene in which the representatives of two states are making 
a treat}-. It is the old Italic rite of solemnizing a treaty. 

Nuceria Alfaterna was originally an Oscan town situated on the Sarnus river a few miles 
south of Xola. The town was conquered hy the Romans in 308 B. C. and made a cidtas foederata, 
but the anti-Roman party led a revolt a few years later. It was promptly reduced to submission, 
but again showed a spirit of independence in B. C. 280 when Pyrrhus landed in Italy. It was at 
this time that the coinage of silver began at Nuceria and lasted until Rome instituted the silver 
Denarius coinage in B. C. 268. 

B. C 280-268. 

3 IS.. Campanian Didrachm ; 7.17 gr.; 22.5 mm.. Obv. IHVI/143TN8NJN 
ITIVl/IKDHVH (= Nuvkrinum Alafaternuvi). Youthful male head, with ram's horn, 
1. ; behind, cantharus ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. I Castor, with sceptre in left hand, standing and holding horse by bridle. 

H. 



There are no satisfactory explanations of the types on this coin, but they probably refer to 
local myths and thus mark the anti-Roman influence. 

Phistelia was probably a Samnite town but the site of it is unknown. The fact that the 
silver coins of Phistelia have inscriptions in Oscan on one side and in Greek on the other has led 
to the suggestion that the town stood near the border of Campania, and this is confirmed by the 
find-place of many of the coins. The coins were thus expected to circulate in both countries, but 
the standard on which they were struck is Campanian. 

B. a 380-350. 

4 IS.. Campanian Didrachm ; 7.55 gr.; 21.5 mm. Obv. Head of nymph, facing. 
Rev. •* — ^1 V JT ^18 (retrograde). Man-headed bull 1. 

Mathey Coll. 

The types doubtless relate to local myths, and the man-headed bull very likely is a river-god. 

5 IS.. Campanian Didrachm ; 7.45 gr. ; 19 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. I 8RTIVR Bull 1., below, fish. 

H. Chapman. 

Suessa Arunca doubtless belonged in Campania at an early period, but was later included in 
Latium. The city was founded by Arunca or the Ausones, who were regarded in legend as the 
most ancient inhabitants of lower Italy. Suessa was' one of the twelve Roman colonies which, 
whether because wasted by war or because they had lost heart and become lukewarm in the cause 
of Rome, declared their inability to meet the demands for men and money required of them in B. C. 
209 to continue the struggle with Hannibal. Rome regarded their course as a revolt, doubled the 
demands and forced the levy. 

As in so many other allied cities Suessa struck no coins until about B. C. 280, when the 
Pyrrhic war upset commercial and financial relations in the South. Silver coins only were struck 
from that date till B. C. 268, when the denarii coinage was instituted by Rome and nearly all 
non-Roman Italian mints ceased to coin silver. 

Circ. B. C. 280-268. 

6 IS.. Campanian Didrachm ; 6'40 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, laure- 
ate, r., with long hair : behind, barley-head 



4 Catalogue or Greek Coins 

Rev. I SVESANO (in exergue). Horseman, wearing pileus and carrying filleted 
palm-branch across r. shoulder, riding 1. and leading a second horse. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

The types of this coin are without special local significance, hoth being borrowed. The 
Apollo-head is an imitation of a Croton type, whilst the reverse is taken from a Tarentine coin. 

APULIA. 
Arpi was founded, according to Servius (Ad Aen. XI, 246), by Diomed, who went from Troy 
directly to Italy. He called his new city Argos Hippion, which was later corrupted to Argyrippa, 
then to Arpi. The myth may have been current at Arpi and thus explain the horse-type on the 
reverse of this coin. The town came under Koman domination in B. C. 326 and remained loyal 
during the war with Pyrrhus, but went over to Hannibal following the disaster at Cannae in 
217 B. C. 

Giro. B. 0. 215. 

7 JR. Campanian Didrachm ; 6.70 gr.; 22.5 mm. Obv. APrANQN Head of 
Persephone 1., crowned with barley, wearing earring and necklace ; behind, barley- 
head ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. «<. Horse, prancing, 1. ; above, eight-pointed star ; beneath, AAIOY. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

The head of Persephone is doubtless an imitation, derived directly or indirectly from a 
Syracusan coin. The name AAIOT on the reverse is probably that of Altinius Dasius, a magistrate 
and sort of tyrant at Arpi. That shifty person — infidus socius, vanus hostis (Livy 24, 45) — had 
induced his townsmen to desert Rome for Hannibal, but when the Romans drew near to Arpi he 
slipped out to their camp and offered, for a reward, to betray the town with its Punic garrison. 
The Romans interned him at Cales, while Hannibal burned his family alive and confiscated his 
property. 

Teate was the chief city of the Marrucini. The city formed an alliance with Rome in 303 
B. C. Though twice devastated by the Carthaginians during the Hannibalic war, Teate remained 
loyal to the Romans, winning thereby the latter's deepest gratitude and considerable fame. 

Qirc. B. 0. 217. 

8 M. Pentoncion ; 15.84 gr. ; 33 mm. Obv. Head of Pallas r., in crested Corin- 
thian helmet, with earring ; above, ; around, linear circle. 

Rev. I TIATI Owl perched r. on Ionic capital; to right, five points in perpen- 
dicular line, above which, crescent ; around, linear circle. 

Venusia was located on the Via Appia in the southwestern part of Apulia in a rich agricul- 
tural district. The place was captured by the Romans in 262 B. C. and a colony sent there to 
form a bulwark against both the Apulians and the Lucanians, as Horace specifically states, Sat. 
II, I84,. This Roman element of the city was greatly weakened during the exhausting Hannibalic 
war and in 200 B. C. commissioners were appointed to add to it. Venusia was the birthplace of 
Horace, who has a number of allusions to the countryside, esj^ecially to the River Afidus that 
flowed some fifteen miles north of the city. 

Circ. B. O. 268-217. 

9 M. Nummus ; 31.09 gr. ; 3^.5 mm. Obv. Head of Dionysus, crowned with 
ivy, r., with long loose hair; behind, VE in monogram; around, circle of dots. 



Catalogue or Creek Coins 5 

Rev. ^ Dionysus seated 1. on a rock, wearing short chiton and endromides, hold- 
ing bunch of grapes in r. hand, a thyrsus bound with fillet in 1. ; behind, N. I. — (= 
Nitmmus .2.) 

Bunbury Coll. 

These types relate to the wines of the territory of Venusia, and the consequent cult of 
Dionysus. 

CALABRIA. 

Tarentum was an ancient Iapygian city, which apparently enjoyed great prosperity from an 
early period because of its position on a good harbor. According to legend it was founded by 
Taras, son of Poseidon and a local nymph. Taras had been shipwrecked and was brought to land 
on a dolphin sent by his father Poseidon. At about 708 B. C. Lacedaemonian Partheniae, alleged 
illegitimate sons of war times, under the leadership of Phalanthus arrived at Tarentum and estab- 
lished themselves in the city. In time the myth of Taras and his miraculous rescue from ship-- 
wreck was transferred to Phalanthus, perhaps by design in order to establish a right of the 
Spartans to the city of which Poseidon was the patron divinity. For centuries this Dorian colony 
waged wars, sometimes disastrous, with neighboring native peoples, with other Italiot Greek 
states, and lastly with Eome. In the sixth and fifth centuries, perhaps earlier, the Greek states 
were driven into alliances for protection against the common enemy, the native Lucanians, Brut- 
tians, and, in the case of Tarentum, the Messapians at whose hand she suffered an almost ruin- 
ous defeat in 473 B. C. In this period the aid of the Spartan king Archidamus (B. C. 338), of 
Alexander of Epirus (B. C. 330), and of Cleonymus of Sparta (B. C. 314), was brought to Italy, 
but in vain. Finally with the advent of the Romans in Magna Graecia a coalition of Greek and 
native States was formed to meet this greater foe to their several ambitions and claims. Pyrrhus 
of Epirus was brought into the alliance in 2S2 B. C, but after a ten-year war Tarentum was taken 
and all Magna Graecia submitted to Rome. 

Time of Cleonymus, B. C. 315.. 
JO -V. Italic-Tarentine Stater; 8.58 gr.; 18 mm. Obv. TAPA Head of De- 
meter r., wearing stephane, earring, necklace, and a veil which is thrown back on the 
right side and appears below the chin on 1. side of head ; in front, dolphin ; beneath, 

KOX. 

Rev. \ The Dioscuri riding 1., the further horse in advance ; the nearer horse- 
man carries palm-branch from which hangs a wreath suspended by a fillet, the further 
crowning his horse ; above, aioskopoi 

Paris Sale, 1908, 12. 

It is not certain just what the meaning of the obverse type is, but the Dioscuri on the reverse 
plainly are meant as an allusion to the Spartan origin of the Tarentines ; for the Dioscuri were 
identified with Sparta, their birthplace being Amyclae, near Sparta. The selection of the type 
was almost certainly meant as a compliment to the mother-city to whom they were appealing for 
aid. 

Time of Pyrrhus, B. C. 281-27,6. 

J J N. Italic-Tarentine Stater; 8.57 gr.; 18 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, laure- 
ate, r. : behind, NK; above, §[Q§I] ; beneath, eaaa 

Rev. \ TAPANTINQN Eagle, with open wings, perched 1. on a thunderbolt; 
in field, A- 

The types of this coin are plainly Epirote, being the Dodonaean Zeus and his eagle. 



6 • Catalogue of Greek Coins 

\2 M. Stater; 6.28 gr.; 22 mm. Obv. Naked horseman 1., welcomed by a 
naked youth ; beneath horse, API | sti | r in three lines ; in field, above, P x . 

Rev. J T[APA§] Taras riding on dolphin r., holding bow in 1. hand and an arrow 
in r. ; beneath head of dolphin, elephant. 

Hartwig Coll. 

The elephant symbol on this coin leaves no doubt that it was struck during the control of 
Pyrrhus at Tarentum. The elephant was a main reliance of his equipmeut against the Romans, 
and symbolized his forces. 

13 JR-. Stater ; 6.50 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Naked boy rider r. crowning his horse ; 
in field, /^. 

Rev. | T[APA§] Taras riding on dolphin L, holding Nike in r. hand, who is 
crowning him ; in 1., two spears and shield, on which serpent ; below, waves. 
Allatini Coll. 

The silver coins issued at Tarentum in this period were struck on a lower standard than 
before, the Stater weighing about 6.80 grammes instead of 7.90. This was the Roman six-scruple 
standard, which the influence of Roman commerce even then forced upon her enemies. 

The Nike crowning Taras perhaps suggests the confidence at Tarentum as to the outcome 
of the war. 

B. C. 235-228, Tarentum in Alliance with Rome. 

14 -#*-• Stater ; 6.30 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Horseman galloping r. crowned by 
Nike, who stands r. on his ontstretched r. hand; below, KAAAIKPA — TH5 ; in field, 
Tf. 

Rev. \ TAPA^ Taras riding on a dolphin 1., with trident in 1. hand ; on extended 
r., Nike who is crowning him ; in field, NE. 

Mathey Coll. 

LTJCANIA. 

Heracleia was founded by Tarentum and Thurium jointly in the latter part of fifth century 
B. C. About a half century later it was selected by Archytas, the philosopher-statesman of Ta- 
rentum, as the meeting-place of the congress of the Italiot-Greek states. From B. C. 380 to 345 
the congress met at Heracleia, but in 331 B. C. Alexander of Epirus, in anger at the Tarentines, 
removed the assembly to Thurium and beyond the control of Tarentum. In B. C. 278 Heracleia 
deserted the coalition headed by Pyrrhus and made an alliance with Rome. 

B. C. 370-325. 

15 jR. Italic-Tarentine Stater ; 7.63 gr. ; 23.5 mm. Obv. Head of Pallas r., 
wearing crested Athenian helmet adorned with Scylla; before, A — K — <t>. 

Rev. I HPAKAHIQN Heracles, naked, standing r. and strangling lion with arms ; 
between his feet, owl; in field, 1., club and kaa. 
ffirsch, XXVI, 219. 

The standard of this coin is that of Tarentum, but the types show the influence of the Athe- 
nian colony of Thurium in the Athena head and the owl symbol. The Heracles type is, of course, 
a type parlant relating to the name of the city. The KAA, which occurs also on coins of Thurium 
and of Tarentum, probably represent the signature of an engraver. 



Catalogue op Greek Coins 7 

Laiis, later Lavinium, was a colony of Sybaris on the Tyrrhenian coast of Lucania, at the 
mouth of the River Laiis. When Sybaris was destroyed in B. C. 510 refugees from the mother 
city settled in Laiis. It seems to have been purely a commercial city, serving as a port for the 
commerce of Sybaris with the western and northern parts of Italy. With the change in commer- 
cial routes the town declined and finally disappeared. 

Circ. B. C. 550-500. 

16 IK. Italic Stater: 7.65 gr.; 23.5 mm. Obv. AA^(AAI) Man-headed bull 
r., with head turned back. 

Rev. \ MON(§ON) The obverse type repeated incuse. 
Benson Coll. 

The ethnic on this coin has the adjective form Kaivos instead of the usual genitive form of 
noun, referring evidently to the type. 

While the coin type of Sybaris. the mother-city of Laus, was a bull, which might have in- 
fluenced the choice of a type for the colony, yet this man-headed bull suggests a river-god, prob- 
ably of the river Laiis. It was the usual manner of representing this class of divinities in Italy. 
Thus Horace sings of the river-god Aufidus : 

Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus 
qui regno Dauni praefiuit Apuli, 
cum saevit horrendumque cultis 
d Undent meditatur agris, 
where the tauriform Aufidus is the river-god put for the stream itself. 

The peculiar fabric of the obverse type which is repeated incuse on the reverse character- 
izes the early coinages of several cities of Magna Graecia. It has generally been regarded as 
evidence of an alliance, either monetary or for defence against hostile Italic tribes. Alliances of 
both sorts were common among the Greeks, of which coins often give important corroboration. 

Metapontum, situate on the Tarentine Gulf, was a very early Achaean colony that had estab- 
lished itself in a still older Lucanian town called Metabas. After the Samnites had destroyed 
Metabas the people of Sybaris induced the Achaeans to come and under the leadership of'Leu- 
cippus. of Sybaris. occupied the town and changed the name to Metapontum. From its fertile 
soil the new city acquired great wealth, a fact later signalized by the dedication of a golden sheaf 
at Delphi. However, long before this dedication a head of barley had been the wa.paa-mj.ov or badge 
of the city and as such appears as the coin-type. After a long period of wars with her Greek 
neighbors and defensive struggles with the Lucanians, Metapontum came under Roman domina- 
tion. The city was held for some years by Hannibal, who carried the population with him when 
compelled to abandon the place. It ceased from that time to be an important city, though it 
existed for some centuries afterward. It was at Metapontum that Pythagoras took refuge when 
banished from Croton, and there he died. 

Circ. B. 0. 400- 150. 

17 JR. Italic Stater: 7.06 gr.; ,11mm. Obv. Head of Demeter 1., wearing 
embroidered sphendone and earring; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. f META Barley-head; in field, murex. 
Rhousopoulon Coll. 

This specimen belongs to the period of finest art in die-engraving. In simplicity and beauty 
it is above criticism. The types of Apollo Karneios ■• of the flocks " (No. 18) and Demeter relate 
to Metapontum's chief resource of agriculture. 



8 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

J 8 M. Italic Stater ; 7.62 gr. ; 23.5 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo Karneios, with 
ram's horn, r., the hair falling in long slender locks. 
Rev. / ET Barley-head with leaf. 
Allatini Coll. 
Probably an imitation by a native engraver and issued by one of tbe Italic states. 

Qirc. B. 0. 350-330. 

19 #L Italic Tetradrachm ; 15.87 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Head of Leucippus, 
bearded, r., in Corinthian helmet adorned with quadriga; behind, forepart of lion r., 
in front of which Ar I. 

Rev. / METAPONTINftN Barley-head with one leaf, on which, club ; beneath 
club, AMI. 

Paris Sale, 1908, No. 61. 

This coin was issued at the time when the aggression of the Lucanians was specially strong, 
and the introduction of the head of the founder of the Achaean colony was very likely intended 
to remind the Greeks in Hellas of their close kinship. 

20 ^R. Italic Stater ; 7.95 gr. ; 20.5 mm. Obv. Head of Demeter r., crowned 
with barley ; wears earring, necklace, and a veil thrown back from right side, the edge 
of the veil on the other side of head being visible beneath chin. 

Rev. \ META Barley-head with leaf 1., on which, mouse; beneath mouse, <j>. 
Merzbacher. 

2 J M. Italic Stater; 7.95 gr.; 23rnm. Obv. Head of Demeter 1., crowned 
with barley ; wears earring. 

Rev. s META Barley-head with leaf on r. ; in field 1., caduceus and AV. 

These two coins belong to the latest issues of Metapontum as an independent State, before 
the capture by the Lucanians in B. C. 300. While inferior artistically to the somewhat earlier 
coins they are still attractive and the great variety of dies in the short period lend them increased 

interest. 

Poseidonia, later called Paestum, was founded by colonists from Sybaris, said, however, to 
have been Dorians whom the people of that Achaean city expelled. It was one of the most 
northerly Greek towns on the west coast. The foundation is placed as early as the middle of the 
sixth century. It was taken by the Lucanians in B. C. 395 and by the Romans in B. C. 273. 

B. C. 300-268. 

22 M. Pentoncion; 15.85 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. POSEIAQNE(QN) Bull stand- 
ing r. ; border of dots. 

Rev. \ V A 1ST Eros, with bow in r. hand, riding on a dolphin 1. ; border of dots. 

The type of the bull may have been due to the influence of Sybaris, where the bull was the 
well-known type. 

Thurium was founded in B. C. 443 near the site of Sybaris, which had been destroyed in 
B. C. 510. Pericles was the moving spirit in founding the colony. It was aimed, apparently, to 
make it in reality a pan-Hellenic colony, and to this end an appeal was sent out to all Greek cities 
to participate in the establishment of the town. While Greeks from many places apparently 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 9 

joined the colon}', yet the Athenian element was predominant. Among the early settlers was 
Herodotus who had been dwelling at Athens for a short period after his extensive travels. He 
must have written a considerable part of his great work at Thurium. Another personage of note, 
who soon came to Thurium, was Lysias, the wealthy business man and orator. 

The plan for the city was drawn by the noted city-builder, Hippodamus, of Miletus, the same 
who in B. C. 408 laid out the new city of Rhodes. 

B. a 400-350. 

23 fit. Italic Distater; 15.74 gr.; 28mm. Obv. Head of Athena r., in helmet 
adorned with figure of Scylla, her two hounds turned forward ; beneath chin, <$>. 

Rev. \ 0OYPIQN Bull, with head down, rushing r. 

24 fit. Italic Stater ; 7.62 gr. ; 20 mm. Obv. Head of Athena r., in crested 
Athenian helmet, adorned with figure of Scylla, one of whose two hounds is turned 
forward, the other back. 

Rev. I 0OYPIQN Bull, with head down, charging r. ; in exergue, fish. 

Vlasto Coll. 

The Thurian coin-types reveal to us what an Athenian artist could do in such narrow limits 
when unrestricted by the traditions Athenian coinage imposed. The broad style of the best Greek 
sculpture characterizes these coins. The design, too, is finished in minute details seldom found 
among Greek coins, yet nothing is sacrificed in so doing. No other artist was more happily suc- 
cessful in adapting his composition to the small circular field. This is especially true in his treat- 
ment of the bull, whose lowered bead and charging attitude at once put spirit into the design and 
fitted it nicely into the circular field. Other engravers had resorted to the much less pleasing 
method of turning the animal's head back to shorten its length and thus adapt it to the small field. 

The Athena head is doubtless due to the predominant Athenian influence in the colony. 

The standard of the coins necessarily was brought into harmony with that of neighboring 
Italiot Greek cities. 

Velia was founded soon after B. C. 540 by fugitives from Phocaea who fled their home city 
rather than submit to the domination of Persia. The founders called the city 'TA17, which became 
Yelia in its Latin form, but Elea is the commonly known name, derived from another form of 
the Greek name. 

Yelia was located on the western coast on the Mare Tyrrhenum, and doubtless shared in the 
extensive commerce with central and northern Italy which came overland from Sybaris and Croton 
rather than face the dangers of rounding the lower point of Italy. Evidently the city soon be- 
came very prosperous, as is attested by its abundant silver coins. 

Tradition has it that Yelia enjoyed exceptionally good government, for which its great son, 
Parmenides, the philosopher,' was in large measure responsible. For if he did not draw up a 
constitution for his native city, he did reform the old one, and the magistrates were annually 
sworn to uphold the laws. 

Velia has long since disappeared, and so completely that even the site of it is unknown. 
But an extensive series of attractive coins, and, above all, the influence and renown of the Elea- 
tic school of philosophy founded by the great Parmenides and Zeno, have rescued her from the 
oblivion that overtook many a prosperous city of antiquity. 

Circ. B. C. 400 and later. 

25 M. Italic Stater; 7.69 gr.; 22 mm. Obv. Head of Athena L, in crested 
Athenian helmet, round which laurel-branch, and adorned with griffin ; palmette on 
neck-flap. 



10 Catalogue of Greek Coins ' . 

Rev. I YEAHTQN Lion seizing a stag r. 
Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

26 M. Italic Stater; 7.65 gr.; 23 mm. Obv. Head of Athena 1., in crested 
Athenian helmet bound with laurel-branch. 

Rev. \ YEAHTQN Similar to No. 24, but later and weaker. 
Vlasto Coll. 

The lion-type, including the lion-head and the lion seizing his prey, was brought to their 
new home by the Phocaeans from their native city. 

The Bruttii separated from the main, body of the Lucanians and became independent in 
B. C. 356. Their conquest of several Greek cities had for chief result the conquest of themselves 
by Greek civilization. In B. C. 282 they entered the coalition of south Italian states to oppose 
Rome with the assistance of Pyrrhus. The heavy expense of that war was the occasion of the 
institution of a coinage. In B. C. 272 their capital city, Cosentia, was taken by the Romans and 
the Bruttii came under Roman domination. 

B. C. 282-203. 

27 N. Drachm ; J/--18 9 r - '■> 16.5 mm. Obv. Head of Poseidon 1., with diadem ; 
behind, trident; border of dots. 

Rev. \ BPETTIQN Amphitrite riding on a hippocamp 1.; on her right, Eros 
with bow ; in field, r., bee. 
Brilder Egger, XL, 218. 

28 N. Hemidrachm ; 2.07 gr. ; 13 mm. Obv. Head of bearded Heracles 1., in 
lion's skin ; beneath, r ; in field r., club. 

Rev. / BPETTIQN (in Ex.) Nike in biga galloping r. ; beneath horses, serpent, 
with head raised. 

Con. Weber, No. 428. 

29 ^R- Octobol ; 5-47 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Busts of the Dioscuri r., wearing 
chlamydes and helmets bound with laurel-wreath ; above, stars ; behind, cornucopia. 

Rev. I BPETTIQN The Dioscuri galloping r., wearing helmets and chlamydes 
and carrying palm-branches across shoulders ; above each head, star ; beneath horses, 
club ; on border, linear circle. 

Sir Hermann Weber. 

It is possible that the two very rare gold coins, Nos. 27 and 28, relate to some event involv- 
ing a naval war, for the expense of which the former was struck, while the latter alludes to the 
victory. But it is also not improbable that the types of both as well as No. 29 are borrowed, being 
more or less imitations of the coins of neighboring states. 

30 M. Pentoncion ; 15.85 gr. ; 28 mm. Obv. Bearded head of Ares 1., in crested 
Corinthian helmet* adorned with running griffin ; border of dots. 

Rev. \ BPETTIQN Pallas, in crested helmet and long chiton, charging r., her 
head facing, grasping shield with both hands and spear under 1. arm ; border of dots. 

Croton was founded about B. C. 710 by Achaeans. The city became prosperous at an early 
period, owing in part to the resources of its soil, but largely because it had a fair harbor, and thus 
shared the profits of trade between the East and the western coast of Italy. Just before the 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 11 

Pyrrhic war Croton had attained the zenith of its greatness. Livy (XXIV, 3) relates that the 
circuit of Croton's walls was then about twelve miles, but after that war not more than half of 
the former area was occupied. Croton shared the common lot of other wealthy Italian-Greek 
cities in that the factions of her domestic politics always were encouraging foreign enemies and 
sometimes inviting them to attack. The result of these constant difficulties was the frequent 
resort to alliances with neighboring cities ; and many of these engagements are noted on the 
coins. 

In B. C. 297 the city, then greatly reduced and weakened, fell a prey of the Bruttii; but in 
282 it was freed from its captors by the Romans, who in 277 took possession of Croton. 

The temple of Hera Lakinia at Croton was a famous shrine resorted to by Greeks from all 

Magna Graecia, nobile tempJum Laciniae Iunonis, sanctum omnibus circa jiopulis, says 

Livy (1. c). 

Croton became the center of a high culture, perhaps influenced by Pythagoras, who seems 
to have settled there about the middle of the sixth century. Just what influence that eminent 
philosopher exercised over the politics of Croton and other cities is not now regarded so certain as 
some years since; and the effort to connect the peculiar fabric of the early coinages of that whole 
region with the mysteries of Pythagoras' teaching is almost certainly idle. 

Few cities of antiquity won greater fame for the athletic prowess of its youth than did 
Croton. Many were the palms of victory brought home from the Olympian games, though the 
mighty Milo is almost the sole name that has survived of the great number of victors. 

Circ. B. C. 550-480. 

3 J JR. Italic Stater; 7.95 gr.; 29 vim. Obv. ?<10 Tripod, with lion's claw 
feet, standing on an ornamented base, surmounted by lebes with three rings and from 
the lebes issue two serpents; in field, r., large crab; the whole in circle of dots. 

Rev. f The same type, incuse. 

The tripod is the well-known Trapdo-rnxov or badge of Croton. The choice of this type is gen- 
erally credited to the fact that Apollo directed the founder of the city in the choice of a site; or 
that Pythagoras, in possession of the Delphic hereditary rites of Apollo, introduced them at 
Croton. But the type may be purely agonistic, for Croton youth had begun to win victories at 
Olympia before the city began to issue coins. The victor's tripod, placed on the coins, would 
honor at once the god and the glorious victory. For the fabric of the obverse type repeated in- 
cuse on the reverse see note on Xo. 16. 

Circ. B. 0. 420-390. 

32 JR. Italic Stater; 8.39 gr.; 20 mm. Obv. ?POT Eagle perched 1. on 
capital of a column ; border of dots. 

Rev. \ 9P0T Tripod surmounted by lebes with three rings ; in field, to 1., grain 
of barley ; border of dots. 
Allatini Coll. 

33 JR. Italic Stater; 8.04 gr.; 23 mm. Obv. Eagle perched 1. on stag's head, 
with head turned back ; linear circle on border. 

Rev. I ?P0 Tripod-lebes, with cover, standing on base ; in field, to 1., ivy-leaf; 
the whole in linear circle. 

34 JR. Italic Stater ; 7.84 gr. ; 22 mm.. Obv. Eagle r. with head raised and 
wings open. 



12 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Rev. *r- <?P0 Tripod-lebes, with cover, standing on base; in field, to L, laurel- 
leaf ; the whole in linear circle. 

The last four described coins almost certainly were issued in connection with games in honor 
of Zeus, as is shown by the types of the eagle, the bird of omen, and the tripod, the prize of 
victory. 

35 JR. Italic Stater ; 7.90 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Facing head of Lakinian Hera, 
wearing ornamented Stephanos and necklace ; in field, r., B ; the whole in linear circle. 

Rev. I KPOTQNIATAS Heracles, naked, reclining 1. on rocks over which is 
thrown his lion's skin; holds wine-cup in r. hand, the 1. resting on his club; beneath, 
his bow ; the whole in linear circle. 

Hirsch, XXVI, 331. 

It is related by Diodorus Siculus that after Heracles had slain the robber Lakinios, he 
erected a temple to Hera on the spot. Later arose the magnificent temple of Hera in the same 
place. 

Circ. B. C. 390. 

36 JR. Italic Stater; 7.95 gr.; 20.5 mm. Obv. KP0TQNIATA3 Head of 
Apollo, laureate, 1., with long flowing hair ; circle of dots around border. 

Rev. I Infant Heracles strangling two serpents. 

This famous coin-type of Heracles strangling the serpents seems to have been used first at 
Thebes (see No. 176). But the painter, Zeuxis, born at Heracleia, in Magna Graecia, also painted 
a famous picture with this subject as the central idea and presented it to Agrigentum. The choice 
of the type at Croton was due to the united effort of Croton and the other Greek cities of Italy to 
repel the attack of the Lucanians and Dionysius of Syracuse, and represents the struggle of 
enlightened freedom against ignorant barbarism and tyranny. 

Circ. B. C. 300. 

37 JR. Italic Stater ; 6.22 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Eagle perched r. on fulmen, 
the head turned back; to r., Hermes with patera and caduceus ; in field, <t> — I. 

Rev. f KPO Tripod surmounted by lebes with three rings; Nike flying r. to 
crown one of the rings. 
Vlasto Coll. 

Locri Epizephyrii, or Western Locri, was probably so designated to distinguish it from Locri 
Opuntii, in Locris, though ancient authorities are not agreed that it was colonized from the latter 
city. Throughout its history the government was an oligarchy that kept in close relation with 
the courts of successive Syracusan tyrants, who did much to secure the Locrians against the 
attacks of barbarian neighbors. The Locrians took the side of Syracuse against Athens in B. C. 
415, and are said to have helped the Lacedaemonians in the attack on Athens a few years later. 
The luxurious life of the wealthy conservatives proved attractive to men like Plato, Pindar, and 
others, who visited the place. 

For some reason Locri Epizephyrii did not strike coins till about two centuries after her 
neighboring Greek states had instituted a coinage. This delay may have been due in part to its 
conservative government, or, as has been suggested, to the laws prepared for the city by Zaleu- 
cus, who took some of his ideas from the Spartan laws; but it is more likely that their needs were 
amply supplied by the coinages of other states, such as Corinth. Their first issues were on two 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 13 

separate standards, the Corinthian, with Corinthian types, for foreign commerce, and the Italic 
for domestic trade. 

Alexander of Epirus, brought to Italy to aid the Greeks against the Lucanians, and Pyrrhus, 
called in to lead the defense against the Romans, both evidently struck coins at the Locrian mint. 
Following the departure of the latter from Italy in B. C. 274 the Locrians made a final submission 
to Rome and struck a silver Stater with a type declaring their loyalty. 

Giro. B. 0. 273. 

38 ^R~ Italic Stater ; 7.10 gr. ; 20.5 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate, 1., 
with flowing hair ; beneath, a ; border of dots. 

Rev. \ AOKPQN {in ExergT) Roma, in long chiton and peplos, seated r., her r. 
arm resting on an oval shield, a parazonium under her 1. arm ; in front stands Locri, 
personified as Loyalty, in long chiton and peplos, crowning lloma ; behind the two 
figures, respectively, poma and niSTis. 

Rhousopoulos Coll. 

This Declaration Stater was evidently the last silver coin issued from the Locrian mint. 

B. C. 300-268. 

39 JE- 17.33 gr. ; 28.5 mm. Obv. Head of Pallas r., wearing crested Co- 
rinthian helmet, necklace and earring ; above, ex. 

Rev. f AOKPQN Persephone, in long chiton, seated 1. on a throne, of which the 
front leg is in form of an animal's fore-leg ; on 1. arm a sceptre ending in poppy-head, 
in r. hand a wreath ; above, in field, two stars ; the whole in circle of dots. 

Persephone had a famous temple at Locri possessed of great treasures. Twice it was sacked, 
once by Pyrrhus and again by the Romans. The latter made restitution. 

Rhegium, located on the narrowest point of the Sicilian Straits, was one of the very early 
Greek colonies established in Italy. Chalcidians are said to have settled there not much later 
than B. C. 720, a date not long subsequent to the founding of Cumae, the first Greek colony in 
Italy. Little is known of the town prior to the time of the tyrant Anaxilas, B. C. 494-476. He 
crossed the Strait and seized Zancle; expelling the Samians he is said to have been induced to take 
possession of the city, and then changed its name to Messene, in honor of his native country. About 
ten years after the death of Anaxilas, his sons were banished and a democracy established. 

In B. C. 387 Rhegium was captured by Dionysius I, of Syracuse, who sold the citizens into 
slavery, enraged, historical gossip claims, because the citizens of the place had refused him a 
bride! But a few years later the Syracusans restored the city to the survivors. 

Rhegium belonged to the early alliance of Italian Greek cities and struck coins with the alli- 
ance fabric, the obverse type repeated incuse on the reverse. But of special interest in the his- 
tory of the city's coinage are the types of the mule-car and the hare on coins issued by Anaxilas. 
For Aristotle is our authority for the statement that Anaxilas won a victory with a mule-car at the 
Olympian games, and that he introduced the hare into Sicily. Anaxilas celebrated both achieve- 
ments on that coin. 

Oire. B. 0. 466415. 

40 ■*-• Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.21 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Lion's scalp facing ; cir- 
cle of dots. 



14 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Rev. f RECI N 02 Iokastos, traditional founder, naked to waist, seated L, his 
r. hand holding staff ; on border, laurel-wreath. 

H. Chapman. 

This coin of the revolutionized government was probably, to the Rhegians, redolent of 
democracy. It honors their traditional founder, who was, of course, a popular leader; and also it 
shows the influence of the Samian element in the population. For the lion-mask is the very type 
of the coins of their native Saraos. The standard is Attic, which was the standard in use at Syra- 
cuse aifd in Sicily generally, toward which country the commercial interests of Rhegium were 
turning. 

Circ. B. C. 415-387. 

41 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.04 9 r - ; ®4-£ mm - Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. / PHTINON Head of Apollo, laureate, r., with hair turned up behind. 
Spink <f Son. 

The series of beautiful Tetradrachms, of which this coin is an example, came to an end with 
the destruction of the city by Dionysius I in 387 B. C, and also it virtually closed the coinage of 
silver at Rhegium, except for the coinage of Corinthian Staters more than a century later. 

Circ. B. C. 203-80. 

42 M. Tetras ; 9.70 gr.; '26.5 mm. Obv. Busts of Apollo, laureate, and Arte- 
mis, jugate, r. ; behind, ; circle of dots on border. 

Rev. \ PHTI — NQN Tripod-lebes, with three circular handles and lion-claw feet; 
in field, r., . . . . ; border of dots. 

Terina, on the Gulf of Hipponium or Terinaeum, was founded in the sixth century by 
colonists from Croton. Like other cities on the western coast, Terina was designed to be the port 
on that coast for an extensive commerce with central and northern Italy and particularly with 
Etruria. The short transport across the peninsula at that point was quicker and safer than round- 
ing the " toe of the boot " and passing the dangerous Sicilian Straits. The new city thrived 
and by the middle of the next century was prosperous, wealthy, and apparently independent of 
Croton, if it ever had been otherwise. Terina was captured by the Lucanians in B. C. 365 and, 
except for the few months it was freed by Alexander of Epirus in B. C. 325, it continued in 
possession of them or their kinsman, the Bruttii, down till the Roman conquest in B. C. 272. 
Hannibal held the town for some time and, when forced to evacuate, destroyed the place. This 
he did so completely that there is doubt if it was ever rebuilt, and there is no certainty today 
as to the site of the city. The location had, of course, lost its earlier commercial value. 

Terina began to coin money early in the fifth century, probably soon after the defeat of the 
Carthaginians at Himera in B. C. 480, when the Greek cities in Italy, especially on the western 
coast, like those of Sicily, felt renewed security and a more vigorous life. 

Circ. B. C. 425-400. 

43 P^. Italic Stater ; 7.29 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Head of nymph Terina 1., the 
hair confined by an ampyx, and wearing necklace ; around border, laurel- wreath. 

Rev. \ [TEPINAIQN] Nike-Terina, winged, seated 1. on a prostrate amphora, a 
wreath in her outstretched r. hand. 

44 M. Italic Stater ; 7.56 gr.; 20 mm. Obv. TEPINAIQN Head of nymph 
Terina r., wearing earring and. necklace. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 15 

Rev. I Nike-Terina in long chiton, winged, seated 1. on a cippus, holding a bird 
in r. hand, her 1. resting on the cippus ; on ampyx, traces (?) of engraver's signature. 

Barron Coll. 

Nos. 43 and 44 belong to a long series of what are probably agonistic coins, struck on the 
occasion of festivals with games. The reverse type of the charming figure of Terina as Nike is 
treated with numerous variations, sometimes toying with a bird in delight of victory, or tossing 
balls, or extending a wreath, and in other poses. It is evident that fondness for athletic contests 
characterized the people of Terina as well as of their mother-city Croton. 

SICILY. 

Agrigentum, or Akragas as the Greeks called it, the modern Girgenti, was founded early in 
the sixth century by colonists from Gela. It was located near the confluence of the Hypsas and 
Akragas rivers, from the latter of which the city received its name. Owing to this situation, fav- 
orable to commerce, with Carthage in particular but also with Greek traders, and to the products 
of the fertile territory. Agrigentum early became wealthy. The political power of the city was 
predominant on the southwest coast of Sicily, where it exercised quite as much influence as did 
Syracuse at the eastern end of the island. 

Following the death of the tyrant Theron in B. C. 472 and the liberation of all the cities of 
Sicily a few years later. Agrigentum entered upon a period of great prosperity. To this the extant 
remains of the city testify, both ruined temples and beautiful coins. But hardly had the menace 
to Sicily of the Athenians been met by the defeat of the Expedition of 415 when Agrigentum 
fell a prey to the Carthaginians in B. C. 406. 

Pindar visited Agrigentum while a guest at the court of Hieron of Syracuse, and the widely 
traveled poet found it one of the most beautiful of cities : KaWiara Pporeav iroklwv. 

Though Timoleon rebuilt Agrigentum and there were periods of freedom in its subsequent 
history, yet for the most part it became the prey of Carthaginian and Koman in turn. 

Circ. B. C. 413-If06. 
45 JR. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17. S fy gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Two eagles standing r. 
on a hare lying on a rock, the farther bird bent down to tear at the prey, the nearer 
with head raised to swallow. 

A K PAT 

Rev. / NO. ||TMA (boustrophedonic, on a tablet fixed on a wall by a nail) Quad- 
riga in rapid action driven by Nike, who holds whip above, heads of horses ; in exergue, 
club. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

In B. C. 412 Exainetos of Agrigentum won the chariot race in the Olympian games and 
received, on returning home, a welcome that a victorious general might well have envied. About 
this time and probably in relation to that victory Agrigentum issued splendid Dekadrachms and 
Tetradrachms with the type of two eagles devouring their prey. There may have been a touch of 
jealousy and rivalry in connection with this type. For in the autumn of this same year Syracuse 
instituted the Assinarian games to commemorate their victory over the Athenians at the River 
Assinarus and struck the famous Dekadrachms in connection therewith. Agrigentum had re- 
mained neutral in the war and thus could not join in the general celebration. The victory of 
Exainetos gave the opportunity for a public celebration and for a coinage that in splendor was 
little if any inferior to that of Syracuse. 

The eagle of Zeus with prey was an omen of the god's favor to whom he chose to assist. 
The lines of a great chorus in the Agamemnon of Aeschylus have been frequently quoted in con- 
nection with this type. 



16 Catalogue op Greek Coins 

46 JR. Attic Tetradrachm; 16.63 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. [A]KPArA[S] Simi- 
lar to No. 45. 

Rev. /* AKPA TANT1N ON Large crab; beneath, Skylla swimming L, one of 
her dogs looking forward, the other backward. 
Hirsch. 

47 JR. Attic Tetradrachm; 16.50 gr.; SO. 5 mm. Obv. AKPArANTINON 
Eagle standing 1. on a hare which it is devouring; the hare rests on a rock on which 
is a scallop shell ; the whole in a circle of dots. 

Rev. — ► Crab and, below, large sea-fish with open mouth and raised dorsal fin ; 
to 1. of crab, scallop shell. 

Hirsch, XXVI, 59. 

The crab was the irap&trnixov or badge of Agrigentum and holds a prominent place as a coin- 
type of the city, even to the disadvantage of the beautiful representation of Skylla on No. 46. 

These splendid coins, in the finest style of Greek art, were issued in the brief period of six 
or seven years just preceding the capture of Agrigentum by the Carthaginians in B. C. 406. 

Camarina was founded by Syracuse about B. C. 600. In the course of its history the city 
was twice destroyed by the parent city and each time rebuilt and repeopled by Gela. And at the 
time of the Carthaginian invasion in B. C. 406 the entire population was removed to Syracuse. 
After that Camarina really never regained its status as an independent Greek city, but remained 
a tributary to Carthage till the Roman conquest. 

It was the third city, rebuilt by the people of Gela in B. C. 461, that Pindar visited during 
his four years' sojourn at the court of Hieron. Pindar evidently found the city charming — no 
unusual experience for him ; it was worth while — ■ and the entertainment of its wealthy aristocrats 
quite to his liking, if we may judge from his eulogy of Psaumis, whose victory with the mule-car 
he celebrates in the fourth and fifth Olympians. 

Soon after B. 0. 461. 

48 JR. Attic Didrachm ; 8.71 gr. ; 21.5 mm. Obv. Corinthian helmet on a 
round shield. 

Rev. J K AM API Dwarf palms with fruit between a pair of greaves. 

Spink $• Son. 

This is probably a commemorative coin. In B. C. 480 the Sicilian cities met and defeated 
the Carthaginians at Himera, and thus put an end to an invasion by an oriental people that was 
almost as formidable as the Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes in the same year. Other cities 
commemorated the great event on interesting coins, but the people of Camarina had been expelled 
by the city of Gela in 485, so must wait until after their return in B. C. 461 to issue a commemo- 
rative coin. The palm, of course, relates to the African power. 

49 JR. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.36 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. A quadriga in full career 
1., Nike above, flying r. and extending the fillet to the victorious driver ; in exergue, 
crane flying 1. 

Rev. \ KAMAPINAION (retrograde) Bearded head of Heracles L, in lion-skin 
with muzzle above forehead and feet tied round his neck. 

Rhousopoulos, 284. 

It is not improbable that the obverse type of this coin celebrates the victory won by Psaumis 
of Camarina in B. C. 456. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 17 

Catana, situate near the base of Mount Aetna, was a colony of neighboring Naxos. Hieron, 
of Syracuse, cleared the city of its Chalcidic population in B. C. 476 and colonized it with people 
from Syracuse and the Peloponnesus. He also changed the name to Aetna. To celebrate the 
founding of the city. Aeschylus, who was then living at the court of Hieron, wrote the drama, 
The Women of Aetna. After the death of Thrasybulus, the brother and successor of Hieron; this 
new population was driven out and the former citizens restored to their homes. This was in 
B. C. 461, the year in which the last of the Sicilian cities secured their freedom from tyrant rule. 
Although Catana was forced to side with Athens at the time of the expedition against Syracuse 
and become the base for the Athenian operations, yet the city's participation in the war was not 
condoned and in B. C. 404 Dionysius captured it and in punishment sold the citizens into slavery. 

aire. B. 0.413-404.. 

50 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 1731 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. A victorious quadriga 1., 
in high speed, the broken rein of the furthest horse hanging loose ; above, Nike flying 
r. with wreath and fillet for the driver; in exergue, separated by a triple moulding, 
H (Hjoa/cXei'Sa??) ; the whole within circle of dots. 

Rev. \ KATANAIQN Head of young river-god Amenanos 1., with hair bound by 
a fillet ; the whole within a circle of dots. 
Hirseh, Nov., 1912. 

51 A\- Attic Tetradrachm; 17.27 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, laure- 
ate, facing ; to r., engraver's signature, hpakaeiaas ; border of dots. 

Rev. \ KATANAIQN (in exergue). Victorious quadriga 1. with the horses in high 
action ; above, Nike flying r., with wreath and fillet for driver ; in exergue, fish 1. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

This interesting coin bears the full signature of the engraver Herakleidas, whose work is 
known from other examples. It is very probable also that No. 50 bears the signature of the same 
artist in the form of the initial letter H, in the exergue. But equally as convincing as the signa- 
ture is the style of the piece, especially in the treatment of the small locks of hair. 

52 -R-- Attic Tetradrachm; 16.97 gr.; 26 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga 1., 
in high action, the driver, in long chiton, plying horses with whip as he turns the meta ; 
above, Nike flying r., extending wreath to driver, and carrying in 1. hand a tablet in- 
scribed etaine ; in exergue, crab. 

Rev. \ KATANAIQN Head of Apollo, laureate, 1.; in front, bell suspended by 
a fillet ; to r., crayfish. 

This beautiful coin was engraved by Euainetos, the master engraver of all time, though it 
is not his masterpiece. Euainetos was evidently conscious of his powers at this time, if we may 
judge from the striking manner he selected for signing the die. 

These three coins were probably issued between the termination of the Athenian occupation 
and the destruction of Catana by Dionysius in B. C. 404. The /Athenians would hardly have per- 
mitted the use of such types during their presence. 

Centuripae was an ancient city of the native Siculi, situate in the interior of the island. The 
Centuripini were pre-eminently the agricultural people of Sicily, a fact that had much to do with 
their history. They occupied land in many parts of Sicily and produced a large surplus of food- 
stuffs. For that reason the Athenians captured the place in B. ('. 415, in order to secure supplies 
from them. For the same reason the Romans made haste to get possession of Centuripae in the 



18 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

First Punic War. The Centuripini remained loyal to the Romans, supplied their army and navy 
throughout that war, and as a reward they were granted immunity from taxation and so remained 
till Cicero's time and later. 

After B. C. 241. 

53 M. Dekonkion ; 13.18 gr. ; 24-5 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate, r. 
Rev. / KENTO — PITTINQN Winged thunderbolt; below, l^kJ^klov) 

H. Chapman. 

Eryx, situated near the mountain of the same name, was, according to Thucydides, a town 
of the native Elymi. Apparently the place never received a Greek colony but became thoroughly 
Hellenized. After the failure of the Athenian expedition against Syracuse, Eryx became a de- 
pendent of Carthage and so remained, except for a brief interval when Pyrrhus reached the place, 
until destroyed by the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. 

Girc. B. C. 480-413. 

54 S. Attic Didrachm ; 8.55 gr.; 22 mm. Obv. Head of Aphrodite r., wear- 
ing sphendone and necklace with pendant ; the whole in a linear circle. 

Rev. \ IPYKAIIIB (on a tablet') Hound walking r. before three stalks of barley. 

Prowe Coll. 

On the summit of Mt. Eryx was a temple of Aphrodite, the Venus Erytina of the Romans, 
and it is to that goddess the obverse type of this coin alludes. The reverse type is really the 
" arms " of Segesta, and the appearance of -the device on a coin of Eryx may point to an alliance 
between the two cities. 

Gela was founded by Cretans and Rhodians and received its name from the river on which it 
was built, — Gelafluvii cognomine dicta,, says Vergil. Gela became rich and powerful at an early date, 
and in the fifth century the tyrants Hippocrates, Gelon and Hieron raised it to a Sicilian empire. 
These resourceful leaders brought under their sway Naxos, Leontini, Zancle (Messana), Syracuse 
and several other smaller cities. in the eastern and central parts of the island. In 485 B. C. Gelon 
romoved his capital from Gela to Syracuse, at the same time transferring the most of the popula- 
tion of the former to the latter city. In B. C. 466 some of the people were restored to Gela and 
the city recovered some of its earlier prosperity. Xot long after 461, the year of Liberation from 
tyrants throughout Sicily, the tragic poet Aeschylus took up his residence at Gela, where he died 
in 456 and was buried by the State with great pomp. The massacre of 4,000 of its wealthy citizens, 
suspected of leanings toward Carthage, by Agathocles put an end to Gela as a city of any import- 
ance. 

Circ. B. C. 413405. 

55 Si. Attic Tetradrachm; 17.20 gr.; 26 mm. Obv. TEAQIQN Quadriga 1., 
in high action, driven by Nike apteros who holds reins in both hands, the whip in r. ; 
above, eagle flying 1. with serpent in beak ; in exergue, barley-head. 

Rev. \ TEAA§ (retrograde) Forepart of man-headed bull swimming r. ; above, 
grain of barley. 
Benson Coll. 

56 S. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.20 gr. ; 26.5 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. \ TEAAS Man-headed bull standing 1. ; linear circle around border; in 

front, two heads of barley ; below, grain of barley. 
Spink $ Son. 





CiVc. B. 


a 482-t 


57 ^R. Attic Didrachm 


8.71 gr. 


; 22 mm. 


Rev. \ Crab. 






Eeadlam, 46. 







Catalogue of Greek Coins 19 

The presence of the quadriga on the coins of Gela is undoubtedly due to the victory won by 
Gelon in the chariot-race at Olympia in B. C. 485. But the quadriga on ISTos. 55 and 56 closely 
resembles the design of Euainetos on the Syracusan coins struck after the defeat of the Athenians 
in 413. The man-headed bull on the reverse is the river-god Gelas. This form of river-god is 
more commonly met with in Campania, but occasionally elsewhere. As a rule the forepart of the 
god. swimming, is found on the coins of Gela, and this type with the full form of the divinity is 
rare. 

These coins were struck just before the city was abandoned in B. C. 404 in the face of the 
Carthaginian invasion. 

Himera was a colony of Zancle (Messana) of which little is known until early in the fifth 
century. It was about B. C. 4S2 that the town came under the control of Theron of Agrigentum. 
Two years later occurred the battle under the walls of Himera which the Sicilians fought for their 
lives with the Carthaginians. The latter were defeated and Theron's control of Himera was 
made secure. 



Obv HIM EPA Cock standing 1. 



The cock was from early times the principal coin-type of Himera. It may be the symbol of 
nine healing god associated with the hot springs at the place. It has been suggested that it is a 
punning type, the name of the city resembling iptpa, old form of i)p.tpa, day, the dawn of which 
the cock heralds. The Agrigentine crab marks the close relation between the two cities, under 
the common control of Theron, or of his son Thrasydaeus. 

Circ. B. C. 472-413. 

58 ^. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.17 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. IMEPAION Victorious 
quadriga r., the horses walking: above, Nike flying 1. with fillet and crown for the 
driver ; the whole in a circle of dots. 

Rev. \ The nymph Himera, in long chiton and peplos the end of which hangs 
across her r. arm, standing to front, holding patera above a flaming altar; to r. Seile- 
nos standing in a trough and receiving on his breast jet of water from fountain ; in 
field, grain of barley : border of dots. 

Mirsch XXI, 161. 

This interesting reverse type doubtless alludes to the hot springs at Himera, famous in an- 
tiquity. The nymph is sacrificing to some god of healing, while the playful Seilenos is enjoying 
warm shower bath. 

Leontini was a Chalcidian colony, but founded directly from nearby Naxos. In the early 
part of the fifth century Leontini was brought under the sway of the tyrants of Gela, later of 
Syracuse, and'so continued until B. C. 427, when the quarrel with the latter city broke out. The 
final result of this trouble with Syracuse was the Athenian expedition against the latter city in 
B. C. 415. from which Syracuse emerged stronger than ever and soon brought Leontini under its 
domination. Among the commissioners Leontini sent to Athens in 427 to secure aid against 
Syracuse was the famous Gorgias. whose eloquence aroused the admiration of all Greece. He 
settled at Athens as a teacher of rhetoric, and as a leading sophist was later severely handled by 
Plato in the dialogue that bears his name. 



20 Catalogue oe Greek Coins 

Circ. B. C. 480-466. 

59 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.56 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Quadriga walking slowly 
r., Nike flying 1. above and crowning the male charioteer; in exergue, lion running r. ; 
border of dots. 

Rev. \ AEONTINON (retrograde) Apollo, laureate, r., with short front hair, 
formal curls on temple and long lock hanging from behind ear ; around, three laurel- 
leaves ; below, lion running r. 

HirscTi. 

The quadriga on this piece shows the influence of Gelon whose victory at Olympia found 
expression on all coins struck under his influence. The running lion on both sides alludes to the 
defeat of the Carthaginians in B. C. 480, the lion being at once the type parlant of Leontini and 
a symbol of the African power. The cult of Apollo was specially cherished at Leontini. 

Circ. B. C. 466-^22. 

60 A. Attic Tetradrachm ; 1740 gr. ; 21.5 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, laure- 
ate, r. 

Rev. I AEONTINON Lion's head r., with jaws open; around, three grains of 
barley. 

Warren, 253. 

The fine artistic style of this coin places it late in the period to which it is attributed, and 
not long before the capture of the city. 

Messana was a very early Chalcidian colony located on the Strait of Sicily and at first named 
Zancle from the shape of its harbor, which was that of a sickle, £&yi<\ov. The early coins 
have a representation of the harbor and a dolphin for type. Not long after B. C. 494 Milesian 
and Samian fugitives who had left their homes following the collapse of the Ionian Revolt arrived 
at Zancle, having been invited by the citizens to find new homes with them. But Anaxilas, 
tyrant of Rhegium, induced the new-comers to seize the town; then, after bringing some Messen- 
ian colonists, he expelled the Samians, took possession of the town and changed its name to 
Messene. 

Circ. B. C. 490-461. 

61 ^-. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.j-0gr.; 23 mm. Obv. Lion's head facing. 
Rev. \ ME33EN[ION] Calf's head 1. 

Con. Weber, 621. 

The types of this coin are the same as those of Samos, and were.introduced at Zancle by 
the Samian fugitives. But the name of the town is Messene on the coin, so that the Samian in- 
fluence must have continued some time after Anaxilas is said to have expelled the Samians and 
changed the name of the place. 

Circ. B. C. 461-396. 

62 ^. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.07 gr. ; 26.5 mm. Obv. Biga of mules 1., driven 
by nymph Messana, who holds reins in r., the whip in 1. hand ; above, Nike flying r. 
to crown the driver ; border of dots. 

Rev. — * MESSANION Hare running r. ; beneath, hippocamp ; border of dots. 
Hirsch XXXIII, 388. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 21 

63 •*-• Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.21 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding ; 
but in exergue, two dolphins head to head. 

Rev. J MESSANION {retrograde) Hare running 1. ; below, head of Pan. 

Hirsch XXXIV, 162. 

After the death of Anaxilas and the banishment of his son, the old types were modified by 
introducing a female charioteer on the quadriga. Also the name Messana instead of Messene, as 
on Xo. 61, shows that Ionic Samian influence had given way to the former Dorian. 

Motya was a Phoenician factory town on a small island a few miles from Lilybaeum. It was 
connected by a mole with the maiulaud and became the Carthaginian naval base. It was destroyed 
by Dionysius in B. C. 397. 

64 -#*-. Attic Tetradrachm : 16.57 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Head of nymph 1., wear- 
ing sphendone, earring, and necklace ; around, four dolphins. 

Rev. -* Crab. 

Sambon-Canessa (1907), 23b'. 

For the types of coins issued at this town the Carthaginians appropriated the types of Sicil- 
ian Greek cities. This example bears a poor copy of Kimon's Arethusa, which was designed for 
the SvracusanDekadraehm (see Nos. 94, 95), and the crab of Agrigentum. 

Naxos was. perhaps, the earliest Greek settlement in Sicily. It was a mixed Chalcidian and 
Xaxian colony, but the colonists from the island of Naxos apparently predominated. The city 
was brought under the control of Hippocrates and his son Gelon of Gela and Syracuse. In B. C. 
476 its population was transferred to Leontini. Later the city was restored, but never acquired 
again much importance. Dionysius destroyed the place in B. C. 404, and later Tauromenium was 
built by the surviving inhabitants on a neighboring site. 

Before B. C. 480. 

65 -^ Corinthian Didrachm ; 5.62 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Head of Dionysus 1., 
crowned with ivy-wreath ; has pointed beard and long hair ; circle of dots on border. 

Rev. \ N AX ION {retrograde). Bunch of grapes with tendrils and leaves ; cir- 
cle of dots on border. 
Mathey Coll. 

B. 0.461-450. 

66 -#*-• Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.36 gr. ; 29 mm. Obv. Head of Dionysus r., 
bearded, crowned with ivy, long lock of hair in wave on forehead and hanging down 
side, the back hair rolled up ; border of dots. 

Rev. \ N AX ION Bearded Seilenos, naked, seated to front on ground, his head 
turned 1. toward a drinking cup in r. hand ; has pointed ear and long tail. 

Butler Coll., 76. 

Giro. B. C. 450-41.3. 

61 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 1645 gr. ; 28.5 mm. Obv, Head of bearded Dion- 
ysus r., wearing broad band adorned with ivy-vine ; border of dots. 

Rev. _-»NAIION Bearded Seilenos as on No. 66, seated near a vine, with thyrsus 
in 1. hand. 

Sandeman Coll., 41 



22 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Oirc. B. C. 413-404. 

68 &. Attic Stater; 8.23 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. NAEIfiN- Head of youthful 
Apollo, laureate, r. ; behind, laurel leaf ; border of dots. 

Rev. f Bearded Seilenos, naked, seated on ground near a vine ; has pointed ear 
and long tail ; with r. hand lifts drinking cup to his lips, his 1. hand resting On 1. knee ; 
in field, r., thyrsus and a bearded terminal figure. 

Sambon- Vanessa, 245. 

The cult of Dionysus at Naxos is well attested on these coins. The four specimens illustrate 
the history of Greek art and particularly of the engraver's art from its archaic period to its frui- 
tion in the fine style. The full-faced eye on No. 65 gives way to a correct representation on No. 
66; yet the head on the latter, a most carefully executed work and by a no mean artist for the 
time, still retains archaic features, such as the smile on the lips. The softer modelling of the 
strong bearded head of No. 67 gives way to a smooth-faced, delicately modelled, almost effeminate 
head on the coins issued near the close of the century. The note of realism given by the vine 
near which the Seilenos is seated, on No. 67, is unusual on the coins of the western Greeks. 

Panormus, the modern Palermo, was an old Phoenician town on the northern coast of Sicily, 
situated on a capacious harbor from which the name of the place was derived. The Greek form 
is, however, probably a translation of the Phoenician name, which may have been Ziz, a Punic 
word that is found on numerous coins the Carthaginians struck in Sicily. No coins were struck 
at Panormus until after the defeat of the Carthaginians at Himera in 480 B. C. The earlier issues 
show the influence of Greek art at Panormus and very likely of Greek trade, for the inscriptions 
are in the Greek language. But before the end of the century the Carthaginians recovered their 
aggressive spirit and were less receptive of Greek influence. They ceased to strike coins at Pan- 
ormus with Greek inscriptions and Greek engravers were evidently replaced by less skillful Car- 
thaginians. If Ziz is the Phoenician name of Panormus, and that is the most acceptable inter- 
pretation of the word yet given, then it seems that the mint at that chief center of Carthaginian 
power in Sicily struck coins with the types of several Greek cities. 

Oirc. B. C. 409. 

69 ^R~ Attic Tetradrachm : 16.59 gr. ; 28.5 mm. Obv. Quadriga, in high ac- 
tion, r., the driver crowned by Nike flying 1. ; in exergue, sea-serpent and Punic in- 
scription f^fj Ziz. 

Rev. / Head of nymph 1., wearing sphendone, earring of single pendant, and 
necklace ; around, four dolphins. 
Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 
The head on this piece is a poor copy of Kimon's Arethusa. See Nos. 93-95. 

* ' 70 £*.. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.84 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 

Rev. I Head of nymph 1., wearing ampyx, necklace, and earring with three 
pendants. 

Briider Egger XLV, 319. 

The head on this coin is a copy of the Persephone by Euainetos. See Nos. 96, 97. 

No. 69 is later than the autumn of 412, when Kimon's Dekadrachm appeared at Syracuse. 
No. 70 is still later, possibly subsequent to 409 B. C, though the date of the earliest Dekadrachm 
by Euainetos with the Persephone head cannot be determined. It seems probable, therefore, 
that these coins were issued just after, rather than before, the beginning of Carthaginian invasion 
in 409 B. C. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 23 

Segesta, situated a short distance from the coast in the western part of Sicily, was a town 
of the native Elymi. Tradition had it that it was founded by Segestos, a son of a Trojan maiden 
by the river-god Crimissus in the form of a clog. The myth of the Trojan origin of the people 
was accepted by the Romans who regarded the Segestani as a related folk. It is this Segestos, 
with the Romanized name of Acestes, whom Vergil has receive Aeneas and his band when they 
put into the neighboring harbor: 

occurrit Acestes, 



Troia Crimiso conception flumine mater 
Quern genu it 



b. a. 480-401. 

71 M. Attic Didrachm : 8.74 ff>'. ; 2 2.5 mm. Obv. River-god Crimissus in form 
of dog standing 1. : border of dots. 

Rev. / aiIYT£3135 {retrograde). Head of Segesta r., her hair rolled up un- 
derneath in net behind and caught by a diadem. 

Segesta struck no coins till after the defeat of the Carthaginians at Himera in 480 and Greek' 
civilization reached the west of Sicily. 

B. C. 415409. 

72 M.. Attic Tetradrachm ; 10.52 gr.; 29 mm. Obv. ETESTAIftN Youth, 
perhaps a hunter, naked, standing 1., his r. foot resting on a rock, his conical cap hang- 
ing at back, chlamys falling from 1. shoulder, holding two hunting spears in 1. hand, 
his r. stretched toward a terminal figure ; two dogs, one scenting ground, the other 
with head raised ; border of dots. 

Rev. \ Head of Segesta r. 
Spink Jf- Son. 

The influence of Euainetos is seen in the reverse type of this coin, which seems to mark a 
continuance or restoration of the Carthaginian practice of copying the types of other cities. 
Tin- seems to be, and probably is, an exceedingly rare variety of the Tetradrachm. 

Selinus, situated on the Selinus river on the western part of the south coast of Sicily, was an 
early colony of Megara Hyblaea. The town received its name from the river, which in turn was 
named from the wild celery ( c .\ivov) that grew in abundance along its banks. Though long ham- 
pered by contact with the Carthaginians, sometimes, however, apparently in alliance with them, 
yet following the crushing defeat of that power in 480 B. C. and the general liberation of Sicilian 
cities from their tyrants in B. C. 472-401 Selinus rose to great wealth. Numerous monuments of 
that greatness still exist. Selinus was destroyed by the Carthaginians in the invasion of B. C. 
409 and the population either put to the sword or sold into slavery. The city never recovered 
from that blow. 

C'irc. B. 0. 450. 

73 ^R. Attic Didrachm ; 8.68 gr. ; 27.8 mm. Obv. 3EAINONTION Heracles 
seizing wild bull by horn and raising club to slay him ; circle of dots around border. 

Rev. I HYYA5 River-god Hypsas standing to front, with phiale in r. hand, lus- 
tral branch in 1., sacrificing at an altar, around which a serpent ; in field r., leaf of celery 
and a marsh-bird walking away : in exergue, branch. 

Con. Weber (1908), 657. 



24 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

b. a 415409. 

74 M. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.24 gr. ; 27.8 mm. Obv. 5EAIN0NTI0N (in ex- 
ergue'). Victorious quadriga r., driven by Nike in long chiton ; the horses in rapid 
action ; above, wreath ; in exergue, barley-head. 

Rev. / River-god Hypsas standing to front, with phiale in r. and lustral branch 
in 1. hand, sacrificing at an altar, before which stands a cock ; in field, i\, celery leaf, 
and figure of a bull mounted 1. on a pedestal. 

Ex-Dean of York. 

About the middle of the fifth century Selinus was afflicted by a scourge of malaria so griev- 
ous that measures were taken to find the cause and remedy it Diogenes Laertes has preserved 
the interesting account of how the Selinuntines appealed to the philosopher Empedocles of Agri- 
gentum for advice. He advised them to drain the neighboring swamps by connecting two small 
streams. This was done, and Selinus in consequence became a wholesome place. The people of 
Selinus were grateful for the deliverance and preserved a record of the achievement on their 
coins. On No. 73 is Heracles grasping the old god of the noxious river by the horn and swinging 
his club to slay him. On the reverse is the transfigured river-god in beautiful human form sacri- 
ficing to Apollo in gratitude for his cleansing, while a marsh-bird walks away, driven from his old 
haunts. 

No. 74 is a later coin that repeats an earlier form of the types with the chariot and on the 
reverse a figure of the tauriform river-god on a pedestal. 

At about the same time the people of Selinus dedicated a golden celery leaf to Apollo at 
Delphi, the celery-leaf, as Plutarch states, being the wap6.arifi.ov or badge of the city. 

Syracuse was not only the chief city of Sicily, but was also one of the great wealthy and in- 
fluential cities of antiquity. Little is known of the very early history of the city, but from the 
begiuuing of the fifth century on down to late Roman times its history is well recorded in one 
form or another. And an important form of those records consists of the types of an abundant 
and peerless coinage. For next to Rome no other city of antiquity left so many coins whose types 
were influenced by historical incidents as did Syracuse. The Corinthians founded the city in 734 
B. C. and the government was under the control of the Geomori, oligarchs descended from the 
original colonists, until early in the fifth century, when they were expelled by a revolution. From 
that time governments by tyrants, many of them able rulers, others typical of the worst of their 
class, alternated with free democracies until B. C. 212, when Syracuse was captured by the Ro- 
mans under Marcellus. 

Giro. B. 0. 500. 

75 P^. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.94 gr-; 26.5 mm. Obv. <TVRA Quadriga r., 
driven by male charioteer, the horses walking ; border of dots. 

Rev. Four compartment, " mill-sail " incuse, in center of which, in incuse circle, 
female head 1., whose hair, represented by dotted lines, falls loosely on her neck. 

The engraver of this early coin may not have known how to represent four horses in so small 
a field or, perhaps, he followed the convention of the time and purposely represented them in 
pairs as they are seen on the metope at Selinus. At any rate we have two forms and the second 
horses merely outlined about these forms. 

The identity of the female head is unknown, but it may well be that of Arethusa or Per- 
sephone found so prominently on the later coins. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 25 

Gelon, Tyrant, B. C. 485-476. 

Gelon was commander of the cavalry under Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela from 498 to 491 
B.C. On the death of the latter Gelon managed to become tyrant of Gela and six years later a 
revolt of slaves against the Geomori or landowners of Syracuse gave him the opportunity to inter- 
fere in the affairs of that city and become its master. Immediately he transferred his capital to 
Syracuse and brought thither some of- the population of Gela and all the inhabitants of Camarina, 
which he had destroyed. Other conquests followed till Gelon was at the head of a considerable 
empire in eastern Sicily. The most notable event of his reign was the defeat of the Carthaginians 
at Himera in 480, a victory he won with the help of his ally Theron of Agrigeutum. 

76 ^R- Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.99 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga r., 
driven by male charioteer holding reins in both hands, the whip in left; above, Nike 
with wings spread out and about to light on yoke to crown one of the horses ; border 
of dots. 

Rev. f §VRA?0§ION Head of Arethusa (?) r., wearing narrow diadem and 
necklace ; the hair is represented by dotted lines and falls in a formal mass upon neck ; 
around, four dolphins. 

In B. C. 488 Gelon won a chariot-race in the Olympian games. The event, a great one in 
the eyes of every ambitious Greek, is here recorded by the addition of the Kike to the old chariot 
type of the city. It is not certain that the head on the reverse is that of Arethusa, whose foun- 
tain rose in the island of Ortygia in the harbor of Syracuse, hut one is inclined to surmise that it is. 

77 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.06 gr.; 28 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga r., 
driven by male charioteer in long chiton, holding reins in both hands, the whip in r. ; 
horses walking ; above, Nike flying r. and crowning one of the horses ; in exergue, lion 
running r. ; border of dots. 

Rev. / 5VRAKOSION Female head r. in linear circle, wearing olive-wreath, ear- 
ring and necklace with pendant ; the hair in waves on forehead and turned up behind, 
single lock falling back of ear ; around, four dolphins. 

Hirsch XXXII, 164. 

The lion in flight on the obverse of this coin connects it at once with the crushing defeat of 
the Carthaginians at Himera in B. C. 480 by the combined forces of several Sicilian cities under 
the very able leadership of Gelon. Diodorus Siculus gives the interesting story that after that 
battle Demarete, wife of Gelon, interceded for the Carthaginians in the peace proceedings and 
procured for them far better terms than they had expected. In gratitude the Carthaginians pre- 
sented her with a hundred talents of gold. From the silver bought with this large sum, great 
Dekadrachms were struck which were called Demareteia. Three extant specimens of Dekadrachms 
have been identified as examples of the Demareteia. The types of the large coin were repeated 
on contemporaneous issues of Tetradrachms, of which this piece is an excellent specimen. 

For that glorified coinage the obsolescent ? was replaced by K in the city name. 

Hieron I, Tyrant, B. C. 478-^67. 

Hieron succeeded his brother Gelon at Syracuse and in 474 B. C. gained a decisive naval 
victory over the combined Carthaginian and Etruscan fleets off Cumae. This victory is alluded 
to by Pindar in the first Pythian Ode: 



26 Catalogue of Geeek Coins 

Xiaao/xai vevaov, KpovLwv, &pepov " I pray thee, son of Kronos, grant that the 

&4>pa Kar'oiKov 6 Qolvi^ o Tvpaa- Phoenician and Tuscan war-cry be hushed at 

vG>v f a\a\arbs H X y, vav- home, since they have beheld the calamity of 

aiarovov Wpiv IS&p rhvTrpb Kipas ^^ fleetg off Cumae> how they were van . 

oia *W a ™f l ™ Q fP-_ _^_ quished by the captain of the Syracusans .... 

to deliver Hellas from oppressive slavery." 



XV 5a.p.a<r8tvTes irdBov, 



'BXXdS' i&Xicwv fiapdas 
dov\ias. 

The court of Hieron was the most brilliant of his age and to it resorted Pindar, Aeschylus, 
Simonides, Eacchylides and Epicharmus. 

78 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.17 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga r., 
the male' charioteer in long chiton, holding reins in both hands and whip in r. ; above, 
Nike flying r. and crowning one of the horses ; in exergue, pistrix, or sea-monster ; the 
whole in circle of dots. 

Rev. \ 5VRAK05I0N Head of Arethusa r., wearing beaded diadem, earring, 
and necklace ; the hair turned up in a loop behind ; around, four dolphins. 
Hirseh XXXII, 171. 

79 ^R- Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.23 gr. ; 26 mm,. Obv. Victorious quadriga r., 
driven by male charioteer in long chiton, holding reins in 1. hand, with end of reins 
and whip in r. ; above, Nike flying r. and crowning horses ; in exergae, pistrix ; around, 
circle of dots. 

Rev. — » SVRAK05I0N Head of Arethusa r., wearing earring and necklace with 
pendant ; hair in waves over forehead and looped up behind, a cord fillet passing thrice 
around head and twice around the loop of hair at back of head ; around, four dolphins. 

O'Hagan, 195. Du Chastel, No. 37. 

It has been suggested that the sea-monster in the exergue of these coins relates to the naval 
victory referred to above. 

Artistically the last two coins belong to the period of transition from archaic art to the later 
fine style. The eye is almost correctly represented on the profile head, but the horses of the 
quadriga still appear in two pairs with double outlines. 

The Democracy. Circ. B. 0. 1^66-lfiS. 
The coins issued by the democracy, following the expulsion of the last Geloan tyrant, Thrasy- 
bulus, in B. C. 466, show still further artistic improvement and the period is known as that of the 
Second Transition from archaic to perfected art. 

80 vR. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.31 gr.; 26 mm. Obv. Similar to No. 79, but 
charioteer holds reins in both hands and Nike carries fillet instead of wreath. 

Rev. — ► §YPAKO§ION Head of Arethusa r., with hair in short waves over fore- 
head, the back hair drawn up and tucked under a broad fillet held in place by a cord 
that passes around it ; she wears double earring and necklace ; around, four dolphins. 

H. Chapman. 

81 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.30 gr. ; 30 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga r., 
driven by male charioteer in long chiton ; above, Nike flying r. to crown horses ; in 
exergue, laurel leaf ; border of dots. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 27 

Rev. \ 5YPAK0SI0N Female head r. wearing sphendone, the ends of which 
pass three times round the head and twice round large knot of hair at back of head ; 
wears earring and necklace ; around, four dolphins. 

Brilder Egger XLV, 366. 

82 ^R~ Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.30 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga r., 
driven by bearded charioteer ; above, Nike flying. 1. and crowning the driver. 

Rev. I Inscription like preceding ; female head r., wearing saccos with top drawn 
back, the cords that fasten it hanging down behind ; around, four dolphins, two in 
front of head, and two behind in same position. 

Burufle (R. $ F.\ 198. 

83 jR. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.28 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga r., 
driven by young male charioteer; above, Nike, flying r. and crowning the horses. 

Rev. \ Same inscription. Female head r., wearing saccos embroidered with zig- 
zag line and Meander pattern ; around, four dolphins as on preceding. 
Hirsch XXXII, 284. 

Throughout this period the four horses are represented iu the naive manner mentioned 
above, there being but two forms but each with a double outline. In the treatment of the head 
on the reverse, however, there is the greatest variety. At the beginning of the period we find Y 
instead of V and P instead of R in the name of the city. 

84 1%- Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.02 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga r., 
driven by winged male figure holding rejins in both hands ; above, Nike flying 1. to 
crown the driver ; in exergue, Skylla r., with trident across 1. shoulder, reaching out 
to catch a fish ; before her head, etg. 

Rev. «— ^YPAKO ^IQN Head of Persephone r. crowned with barley, the back 
hair rolled up and tucked under a cord ; wears necklace with lion-head pendant ; be- 
neath neck, EVM; around, four dolphins, all swimming in the same direction. 

Hirsch XXXII, 330. 

85 -31. Attic Tetradrachm; 17.05 gr.; 31mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga 1., 
driven by male charioteer grasping reins in both hands, the whip in r. ; the horses in 
high action, with the fourth horse surging ahead of the rest ; above, Nike flying r. to 
crown the charioteer ; in exergue, scallop shell. 

Rev. \ SYPAKOSION Female head 1., the hair bound by a cord passing twice 
around the head and crossing above the ear ; wears earring and necklace ; around, four 
dolphins. 

Hirsch, XXXII, 304. Cf. du Chaste!, PI. 6, No. 69. 

Eumenos Mas one of the first artists to sign his name on a coin-die and fortunately several 
examples of his work have survived. His treatment of the, perhaps, Arethusa head shows a great 
advance over what had been the fashion just before his time. His quadrigae show all the horses 
and in vigorous action, but he fails to attain truth in this regard. 

The reverse of Xo. .^f is combined with an obverse die by Euth(ymos?), a contemporary en- 
graver whose full name is as yet unknown. 

Xo. 85 is unsigned, but it has been associated with the name of Eumenos on the ground of 
style. 



28 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

86 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.17 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga r. 
driven by a bearded charioteer in long chiton, holding the reins in both hands, the 
whip in r., the horses in high action, the first three together, the fourth surging ahead ; 
above, Nike flying 1. carrying wreath for the driver, from which is suspended a tablet 
inscribed btain | eto ; in exergue, two dolphins head to head ; border of dots. 

Rev. *— ^YPAKO^IQN Female head 1. wearing sphendone embroidered with 
stars and ampyx, on which a dolphin jumping over waves; around, four dolphins in 
pairs head to head. 

DurufiS Sale, 204. 

An early coin by the artist Euainetos. Like the coins of Eumenos, Nos. 84 and 85, it is a 
great advance on the work of their predecessors. Euainetos worked also for the mint at Catana 
and above, No. 52, is a Catanian coin by him with the name inscribed on a tablet somewhat as on 
this piece. 

87 1&. Attic Tetradrachm ; 15.97 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga 1., 
driven by a bearded charioteer in long chiton, holding reins in both hands, the whip in 
r. ; above, Nike flying r. to crown the driver. 

Rev. J. SYPAKOSIQN Female head 1., wearing sphendone embroidered with 
stars, broad ampyx, earring and necklace ; beneath, Seilenos head ; around, four dol- 
phins, one of them almost touching her lips. 

S. H. Chapman. 

An unsigned piece belonging to this period, and possibly the work of Parme(-nides or -nion). 

88 •< Z R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.33 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Victorious quadriga 1., 
driven by male charioteer; above, Nike flying r. to crown the charioteer; beneath 
horses, ivy-leaf ; in exergue, head of barley. 

Rev. \ §YPAKI5I[QN] Female head 1. wearing broad ampyx and sphendone 
embroidered with stars, earring and necklace with bulla ; around, four dolphins, three 
in front and one behind. 

ffirsch XXXIV, 200. 

This unsigned piece has been attributed, with good reasons, to Eukleidas, an engraver known 
from other signed works. 

During the War with Athens, B. C. 413-412. 

The Athenian expedition against Syracuse had a great influence on the coinage of the latter 
city. Among other things, in order to cope with the great expenditures occasioned by the strug- 
gle, gold coins were issued at Syracuse for the first time. 

89 N. IOO Litrae ; 5.80 gr.; 14.5 mm. Obv. SYPAK Head of Arethusa 1., 
wearing sphendone embroidered with stars, earring and necklace ; back of neck, star. 

Rev. \ Heracles kneeling upon his right knee and strangling the Nemean lion 
with both arms. 
Hirsch. 

90 N. ioo Litrae ; 5.16 gr.; 14.5 mm. Obv. £YPAKO§IQN Similar to pre- 
ceding; back of the nymph's neck, eta(i^tos). 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 29 

Rev. \ Similar to preceding. 

Hirsch. 

These 100 Litrae gold coins were equivalent to 20 silver drachms. This sum probably rep- 
resents the monthly pay of a Syracusan soldier. The type of Heracles struggling with the Nemean 
lion alludes to the perilous conflict in which Syracuse was engaged. They are the work of Euaine- 
tos and Kimon, two engravers already famous throughout Sicily and much of the Greek world. 

After the War with Athens, B. C. 412- 

91 #• 50 Litrae; 2.91 gr.; 16.5 mm. Obv. §YPA Youthful male head 
(river-god ?) 1. ; behind, grain of barley. 

Rev. I Free horse galloping r. ; above, star of eight rays. 
Hirsch. 

92 N. 50 Litrae ; 2.56 gr. ; 11.5 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. I 5YPAKO (in exergue). Free horse r. 

Hirsch. 

"When the Athenians had met disaster and Syracuse was free from the peril that had threat- 
ened from one of the most powerful states of the time, a new issue of gold was brought out, with 
the unbridled horse as a symbol of freedom. They were probably issued between B. C. 412, when 
the decisive battle was fought at the Eiver Assinarus, and 404, when the tyranny of Dionysius 
began. Sir Arthur Evans assigns them to the year 408. 

The 50 Litrae gold piece was the equivalent of the large silver Dekadrachm issued at about 
the same time. 

The Assinaria, B. O. 41% >' Agonistic Dekadrachms. 

As a fitting and enduring memorial of their great triumph over the Athenian invaders at the 
Eiver Assinarus, the Syracusans instituted the festival of games to be celebrated annually on the 
battle-field and known as the Assinaria. These games were attended by a large concourse of peo- 
ple from numerous cities of Sicily, many of which had participated with the Syracusans in the 
great struggle. The prizes awarded in the Assinaria were the arms taken from Athenian soldiers, 
prisoners and dead, following the battle. 

Partly, perhaps chiefly, in order to provide an ample supply of money for the throng of visi- 
tors to these games a special and unusual coinage of Dekadrachms was resorted to. Such ago- 
nistic coins, issued on the occasion of games, are met with elsewhere in Greece and especially at 
Elis where coins were issued for the great Olympian games. The agonistic character of these 
Dekadrachms is disclosed by the panoply of arms in the exergue on the reverse, with the designa- 
tion of A0AA or '■prizes.'' 1 But the selection of the unusual denomination of the Dekadrachm 
for their agonistic issues suggests that the Syracusans also meant the coins themselves to be com- 
memorative of the successful battle ; for it was in that denomination that the Demareteia had 
been struck following the defeat of the Carthaginians at Himera in B. C. 480. 

By the Engraver Kimon. 

93 ^R. Attic Dekadrachm ; 42.68 gr. ; 37 mm. Obv. SYPAK05IQN Head of 
Arethusa 1., with ampyx and sphendone, wearing earring of three pendants and neck- 
lace of beads; on the ampyx ki?; around, four dolphins, in pairs, head to head; the 
whole within a circle of dots. 

Rev. \ Victorious quadriga 1., driven by male charioteer in long chiton, holding 
reins in 1. hand, the whip in r. ; the horses in high action, the fourth leaping ahead of 



30 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

the team; above, Nike, in long chiton, flying r. to crown the driver; in exergue, cui- 
rass and greaves leaning against a shelf, on ends of which, to L, shield, to r., crested 
Athenian helmet ; beneath, agaa. 
Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

The signature of the artist Kimon is not clearly legible on the ampyx, yet the writer feels 
convinced that traces of it are there. 

94 JR. Attic Dekadrachm ; 43-51 gr. ; 36.5 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding, 
but the relief is higher, and the earring consists of but a single drop. 

Rev. N* Similar to preceding. 
Hirsch XXXII, 313. 

95 JR- Attic Dekadrachm ; 43.34 c/r.; 34 mm. Obv. §YPAKO^IQN Head of 
Arethusa 1., with ampyx and sphendone, wearing earring of single drop and necklace 
of beads ; around, four dolphins, three swimming in one direction, the fourth in the 
opposite; on the ampyx, K ; on the dolphin beneath neck, kimon. 

Rev. \ Similar to preceding. 
Hirsch XXXII, 307. 

'No. 93 is very likely a specimen of the earliest issue of these large coins, being a work by 
Kimon in a style less advanced than No. 95. The latter coin bears the artist's signature in two 
places, on the ampyx and on the dolphin. The obverse type is the head of Arethusa whose spring 
was in the island of Ortygia in the harbor of Syracuse. 

By the Engraver Euainetos. 

96 JR. Attic Dekadrachm ; 4°2. 76 gr. ; 37,5 mm. Obv. §YPAK05lfiN Head 
of Persephone 1., crowned with barley-leaves, wearing earring and necklace ; below, 
etaine ; around, four dolphins, three swimming in one direction, the fourth in oppo- 
site ; the whole within circle of dots. 

Rev. / Victorious quadriga 1., driven by male charioteer in long chiton, holding 
reins in 1. and whip in r. hand ; horses in impetuous action, the forelegs raised breast- 
high, the further pair surging ahead of the nearer two; above, Nike, in long chiton, 
flying r. to crown the driver ; in exergue, same as No. 93 ; the whole within circle of 
dots. 

Earle Coll. 

97 JR. Attic Tetradrachm ; 43-35 gr.; 34-5 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding, but 
in field, before neck, A. 

Rev. \ Similar to preceding. 
Hirsch XXXII, 318. 

The subject chosen for the Dekadrachms engraved by Euainetos was the head of Perseph- 
one, the myth of whose rape by Pluto and annual return to her mother Demeter was also localized 
in Sicily as in other rich agricultural countries. 

These great silver coins have been the admiration of connoisseurs and the despair of engravers 
ever since the re-birth of a correct appreciation of Greek art in modern times, whilst in antiquity 
the copies and imitations of both the heads, but especially of the Persephone head by Euainetos, 
show the high esteem in which the works of these two engravers were held by the Greeks them- 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 31 

selves ; and also that the ancients preferred the head by Euainetos just as does the best critical 
judgment of modern times. 



98 ^R~ Attic Tetradrachm ; 15.90 gr. ; 28 mm. Obv. Head of Arethusa 
three-quarters 1., wearing ampyx in hair, through the loose flowing locks of which dart 
two dolphins; also wears earring and necklace with pendants; on border, circle of dots, 
beyond which, above head of nymph, traces of name apegosa. 

Rev. \ 5YPAK0SIQN Victorious quadriga 1., driven by male charioteer in liong 
chiton, holding whip in r. hand, the reins in both ; above, Nike stepping on head of 
nearest horse and about to crown the driver ; beneath horses, overturned goal-post ; 
in exergue, barley-head. 

ffirsch XXXII, 328. 

99 -#*■• Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.91 gr.; 25.5 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding, 
but from a different die ; no traces of nymph's name. 

Rev. 1 Legend and type similar to preceding, but also from a different die. 

Spink cf Son. 

This is Kimon's masterpiece in the art of engraving ; and it is the masterpiece of all time 
in the representation of the facing human head. Indisputably the facing head is not desirable 
for a coin type, so quickly do the prominent features of nose and chin wear off and leave an ugly 
effect, but Kimon showed the world how such a type should be engraved if it had to be done. 
And in spite of the recognized defects of that form of type the very charm and beauty of Kimon's 
Arethusa led to a close imitation of it on the coins of several cities in almost all parts of the an- 
cient world. For the striking reverse type Kimon seems to have taken a composition from an 
earlier coin and improved upon it. The Nike stepping upon the yoke of the third horse (No. 76) 
and about to crown the horse was doubtless in his mind when he wrought out the design for this 
Tetradrachm. 

Hicetas, Tyrant, B. O. 288-279. 

In B.C. 288 Hicetas was made the general of the Syracusan forces defending the city against 
an army of Greeks. Mamertine mercenaries, and later also of Carthaginians, under command of 
Archagathus who demanded the succession to his grandfather Agathocles whom he had had poi- 
soned by a favorite, Meno of Segesta. Though Hicetas could not save the city from humiliating 
defeat and harsh peace-terms, yet he was retained as commander of the army and then ruled for 
nine years as a virtual tyrant. 

100 -V. 60 Litrae ; 4#5 gr. ; 17 mm. Obv. §YPAKO§IQN Head of Perseph- 
one 1. crowned with barley-leaves, wearing earring and necklace ; behind, torch ; around, 
circle of dots. 

Rev. «— Biga r., diiven by Nike, the horses in high action ; beneath horses, ; in 
exergue, En iketa. 

H. Chapman. 

J01 1R. 15 Litrae ; 12.68 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Head of Persephone 1. crowned 
with barley-leaves, her long hair falling loosely on neck ; wears earring and necklace ; 
in field, r., bee ; circle of dots on border. 

Rev. «— SYPAKOSIQN (in exergue'). Quadriga r., driven by Nike in long chiton, 
holding reins in 1., the whip in r. hand ; above, star of eight rays. 

Durufle Sale, 228. 



32 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

The coins of Hicetas disclose the method of the clever demagogue. They are struck, osten- 
sibly, in the name of the Syracusans and only archonship of Hicetas as the legend on the reverse 
states. For Hicetas shuns the use of the genitive case form of his name, which would imply ab- 
solute or royal authority, yet only in such outward expressions was his power limited by legal 
restrictions. 

Hiero II, B. O. 274-270-216. 

Hiero II was the son of'Hierocles, a prominent Syracusan- citizen, and a descendant of the 
Tyrant Hiero. He served as a general under Pyrrhus during the latter's campaign in Sicily and 
on the departure of the Epirote he was chosen by the army to command in the operations against 
the Carthaginians and Mamertines. This choice was ratified by the Council and Assembly, prob- 
ably with some assistance. As a reward for his successes he was made king in 270. His unswerv- 
ing fidelity to his Roman alliance secured prosperity for Syracuse throughout the long First Punic 
War, and independence when nearly all the rest of Sicily was absorbed into the Roman province- 
of Sicily. 

102 M. Litra ; 34 gr. ; 35 mm. Obv. Head of Hiero II, 1., diademed. 

Rev. \ IEPQNOS Biga r., driven by Nike, holding reins in both hands; circle 
of dots. 

The gold and silver coins of Hiero are not rare, for Syracuse was prosperous, especially in 
the interval between the First and the Second Punic Wars, so that the coinage was abundant. 
But the large bronze litra, especially in good state of preservation, is not so frequently met with. 

103 Si. 3Litrae; 6.83 gr.; 24.5 mm. Obv. Head of Demeter, veiled, 1., 
crowned with barley- wreath ; behind, leaf; border of dots. 

Rev. I SIKEAIQTAN {in exergue). Quadriga r. driven by Nike, wearing long 
chiton, with whip in r. hand and reins in both ; above, h§ ; circle of dots on border. 
Hirsch XXXI, 231. 

This excessively rare coin probably belongs to a special issue of Hieron's government for 
the Sicilians outside Syracuse, who in the settlement with the Romans following the First Punic 
War had come under his dominion. The Demeter-head is evidently a portrait of Philistis, wife 
of Hieron. 

Hieronymus, B. G. 216-215. 

When Hieronymus succeeded his grandfather Hieron on the throne of Syracuse, Roman de- 
signs upon the entire island were fully matured ; and these plans were certain of execution in 
spite of precautions taken by Hieron before his death, the arts of Archimides, or the qualities of 
the boy-king. But in his account of the young king's vicious character and his perverted policies, 
Livy doubtless has preserved an excellent resume of Roman propaganda to justify both the Syra- 
cusans in assassinating the king and effecting a revolution and the Romans in declaring war and 
taking Syracuse in B. C. 212. 

104 N. 30 Litrae ; 2.138 gr. ; 13 mm. Obv. Head of Persephone 1. crowned 
with barley, the hair falling loosely on neck; wears earring; behind, wreath. 

Rev. J BASIAEQS — IEPQNYMOY A winged thunderbolt within a linear circle. 
Spink <f Son. 

B. O. 215-212. 

105 ^R. 16 Litrae ; 13.57 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate 1, 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 33 

Rev. / §YPAKO§IQN (in exergue). Quadriga r. driven by Nike in long chiton, 
holding whip in r. hand and reins in both ; beneath horses, I A. 
Hirsch XXXII, 397. 

On the coins of the democracy during the short interval between the assassination of Hie- 
ronymus and the taking of Syracuse by Marcellus the old civic type of the swift quadriga is 
restored : and the Zeus-head type is not new on the coins of the commonwealth. 



MACEDON 

PANGAEAN DISTRICT 
The Orrescii were a tribe who apparently occupied the country in which Mount Pangaeus 
was located. Little or nothing is known of them from ancient writers. The find-spots of their 
coins are the chief clue to the place of their abode. After they had been conquered by the Mace- 
donians the gold mines of Mount Pangaeus became the property of the crown and the great 
revenues therefrom had much to do with the future history of Macedon.- 

Before B. C. 480. 

106 ^R- Babylonic Stater ; 9.20 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Centaur kneeling on r. 
front knee and seizing a Maenad in his arras ; ground represented by a line of dots ; 
around, circle of dots. 

Rev. Irregular incuse markings in general outline of a square. 
Burufle Sale, 313. 

107 &L. Babylonic Octadrachm ; 26.21 gr. ; 31 mm. Obv. ORRE5KION (ret- 
rograde). Naked man, carrying two spears, between two oxen r. ; in field, to r., flower ; 
around, circle of dots. 

Rev. Incuse square divided by lines into four compartments. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

The coinage of the large Octadrachm was not unlikely caused by the Persian Wars. The 
increased trade and commerce occasioned by the passage of the Persians would require additional 
currency. 

EMATHIAN DISTRICT 

Aegae, formerly and again later Edessa, was long the capital of Macedon. It was the sacred 
burial place of the Macedonian kings. 

108 ^R-. Babylonic Stater ; 8.62 gr.; 23 mm. Obv. He-goat kneeling r. and 
looking back: above, ■.'•) ; dotted exergual line and border of dots. 

Rev. Incuse square in four compartments. 

Mathey Coll. 

The goat apparently alludes to the legend that when Karanos, brother of King Pheidon of 
Argos. started forth to found a kingdom for himself, an oracle directed him to take a goat as his 
guide. Karanos founded Aegae on the site where the goat knelt, incidentally settling in the land 
of his legendary ancestors. 

However, this long accepted attribution of these coins has recently been questioned, perhaps 
disproved, by M. Svoronos. 



34 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Ichnae is mentioned by Herodotus in his account of the march of the Persian armies, but it 
does not seem to have survived the vengeance visited on several south Macedonian towns follow- 
ing the defeat at Plataea. 

Before B. C. 480. 

J09 1&. Babylonic Stater ; 9.26 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Warrior wearing crested 
helmet, cuirass, and greaves, walking beside and restraining horse prancing r. ; in field, 
two pellets. 

Rev. Wheel in incuse square. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

The coin-types of Alexander I, of Macedon, were apparently suggested by the coins of Ichnae. 

BISALTIAN DISTRICT 

Therma, later Thessalonica, the Salonica of today, stood at the head of the Thermaic Gulf. 
Doubt surrounds the attribution of this type of coins to the place, resting, as it does, almost solely 
on the fact that specimens have been found there. 

Before B. C. 480. 

J JO <<R. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 13.13 gr.; 25 mm. Obv. Pegasus standing 
r. ; circle of dots on border. 

Rev. Incuse square of four compartments. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

Tradition makes Therma a colony of Corinth, which may account for the Pegasus type. 

CHALCIDIAN DISTRICT 

Orthagoreia was a town of uncertain identification even in ancient times, and modern scholars 
have not yet solved the problem. Some of the ancient authorities identify it with Stageira, the 
birthplace of Aristotle, while others, according to Pliny, held it to be the earlier name of the later 
Maroneia. 

Jit M. Persic Stater ; 10.59 gr.; 25 mm. Obv. Head of Bendis r. with hair 
knotted on back of head, wearing earring and necklace ; behind, quiver ; around, cir- 
cle of dots. 

Rev. \ OP0ATO — PEQN Macedonian helmet, with cheek pieces, surmounted 
by a star ; below, H" ; around, circle of dots. 

H. Chapman. 

The Thracian Bendis was the Artemis of the Greeks, and her cult was a favorite one in 
Thrace, including those portions of the country conquered by Macedonia. The helmet on the 
reverse alludes to those conquests. 

Acanthus is another town of which very little is known prior to the Persian Wars. It was a 
colony of Andros, one of the Cyclades. The place probably first acquired some importance when 
Xerxes was cutting the canal across its territory to avoid rounding Mt. Athos. After the expe- 
dition of Brasidas in 424 B. C. Acanthus along with many other Chalcidian and Thracian cities 
joined the Spartan alliance. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 35 

B. C. 424-400. 

112 ^R. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; lj.09gr.; 27 mm. Obv. Lion r. on back 
of a bull 1. and sinking teeth and claws into his flesh; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. «— AKA N 010 N around the border of an incuse square and inclosing a 
linear square of four compartments, with raised, granulated surfaces. 

The type of the lion and bull probably has reference to the worship of Kybele, and not to 
an abundance of lions in the district as is described by Herodotus. More likely that capital story- 
teller invented the tale on seeing one of the coins. Following the conquest by Sparta the Phoeni- 
cian standard replaces the long used Euboic. 

Terone was a colony of Chalcis situate near the point of the Sithonian peninsula. Lying in 
the path of the Persian armies Terone was compelled to submit, or at least did submit, to the 
Persians and furnished a contingent to their fleet. 

B. 0. 500-480. 

113 -3*-. Euboic Tetradrachm; 16.97 gr.\ 27.5 mm. Obv. Ampbora adorned 
with bunch of grapes ; border of dots. 

Rev. Incuse square of four compartments. 
Eirsch XXXI, 258. 

Terone seems to have been a center of the wine trade, but the type of this rare Tetradrachm 
is more likely due to the worship of Dionysus which was well established in many Chalcidian towns. 

Olynthus was a colony of Chalcis, located at the head of the Toronai'c gulf. It is almost un- 
known prior to the Persian Wars, but became of great importance to the Persians during that 
struggle ; and subsequently rose to prominence as the capital of the Chalcidian League. 

After B. C. 479. 

114 ^R. Euboic Tetradrachm; 17.31 gr.\ 25 mm. Obv. Slowly moving 
quadriga r. driven by a bearded man in talaric chiton, holding reins in 1. and whip in 
r. hand ; in field, above, Macedonian shield. 

Rev. *— Eagle flying 1. in an incuse square in the center of a larger incuse square. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

The types of this coin, the quadriga and the eagle, are agonistic, relating to games. Perhaps 
an Oh nthian won a chariot race at the Olympian games ; or there may be some other explana- 
tion of the interesting types ; the facts are as yet unknown. 

The Chalcidian League with Olynthus as the center of its federal interests was formed in B. C. 
|92. A few years later, in B. C. 379. the League was almost broken up when Olynthus was sub- 
dued by Sparta. But later the interests of the League were revived and Amphipolis was included 
in the federal alliance. This brought Athens into the field against Olynthus, the leading spirit of 
the League. Athens was supported by Philip of Macedon, the son of Amyntas, but a divergence 
of interests soon put an end to that alliance ; and shortly afterward Macedon and Olynthus united 
to drive Athens out of Thrace. In B. C. 358 Philip II of Macedon subdued all Chalcidice and 
terminated the League. 

115 B&-. Phoenician Tetradrachm; Uf-JjS gr.\ 25mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, 
laureate, r. 



36 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Rev. \ XAA KIA EQN Lyre with six strings; beneath, [EPIAJNNIKA; above 
the A in legend, X. 

Paris, May 1910. 

116 ■#*-• Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 1445 gr.; 24.5 mm.. Obv. Head of Apollo, 
laureate, 1. 

Rev. \ Similar to preceding, but without X above. 

117 PR. Phoenician Tetradrachm; 1441 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo 
r. crowned with laurel on which are berries. 

Rev. \ Similar to preceding ; beneath lyre, epi APiSTfiisros. 
H. Chapman. 

Mende was a colony of Eretria located on the Posidonion Cape on the southwest side of the 
peninsula of Pallene. The country was fertile, vine culture seems to have been the chief indus- 
try, and the cult of Dionysus prevailed. 

B. C. 500-450. 

118 Bi. Euboic Tetradrachm; 17.26.gr.; 27 mm. Obv. NOIA ANIW Ass, 
ithyphallic, standing r., a crow on his back and picking beneath his tail ; around, cir- 
cle of dots. 

Rev. Incuse square, with four triangular depressions. 
Munich, 1913. 

Circ. B. 0. 450-424. 

119 JR. Euboic Tetradrachm ; 17.23 gr. ; 29 mm. Obv. Seilenos, naked down 
to waist, reclining ]. on back of an ass standing r. ; holds cantharus in r. hand ; in field, 
r., crow perched on a vine ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. ^ MENAAION around border of shallow incuse square ; within, vine with 
five bunches of fruit in linear square. 
H. Chapman. 

The ass was specially consecrated to Dionysus and his companion Seilenos. But there must 
have been some myth, now unknown, to which these types allude. 

The coins of Mende present several obscene types, of which No. 118 is an example. Ob- 
scene types are found on the coins of several Greek cities, some of them quite revolting to modern 
feeling. Such designs were probably not approved by the Greeks themselves in spite of the re- 
ligious-myths and allusions that justified the choice of the devices. They were, however, probably 
less offensive to Greeks because of the secluded position of women in Greek life. The women of 
ancient Greece passed the most of their time in the gynecium or the women's apartment of the 
house, did not go out shopping, and so seldom had any use for money. Greek coins were made 
for men. 

Potidaea was a Corinthian colony situate on the isthmus that connected the peninsula of 
Pallene with the mainland. Like other Macedonian cities Potidaea came under Persian control 
during the wars with Greece, perhaps some time before, and contributed ships and troops to the 
Persian host. But following the defeat at Plataea the city declared for Greece. The Persians 
promptly attacked it with their fleet, but a severe storm drove them off and saved the city. 



Catalogue op Greek Coins 37 

Circ. B. C. 500-429. 

120 ^R. Euboic Tetradrachm ; 16.70 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. r Poseidon Hippios 
on horseback r. with trident in r. hand ; beneath horse, star. 

Rev. Incuse square divided into four triangular compartments. 
Spink (f Son. 

121 ^R. Euboic Tetradrachm : 17.04 gr. : 24 mm. Obv. Poseidon Hippios on 
horseback 1. with trident in r. hand ; beneath horse, star ? 

Rev. Similar to preceding. 
Spink $• Son. 

The name Potidaea was derived from Poseidon, and the type of these coins may belong to 
the considerable class of types parlants. It is possible, however, that the type represents the 
statue of Poseidon Hippios which Herodotus states stood before the city, probably next to the sea. 

The Strymonian District. 

Amphipolis was a colony of Athens situate on the lower Strymon, and built on both banks 
of the river, as the form of the name indicates. In B. C. 424 the city, then rich and populous, 
was taken by the Spartan general Brasidas. This was a severe blow to Athenian interests and 
Thucydides. the historian, then in command of the Athenian fleet stationed at Thasus, was ban- 
ished for his failure to reach Amphipolis in time to avert the capture. Athens never regained 
the city. It was taken by Philip of Macedon in B. C. 358. 

B. C. 424-358. 

122 iR. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; Hf.32 gr. ; 24 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, 
laureate, three-quarter face r. 

Rev. \ AM4> IPO AIT EQ.H on a raised border; within, race-torch and bee ; the 
whole in incuse square. 
Paris, 1910. 

123 ^R. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 14-10 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, 
laureate, three-quarter face 1. 

Rev. \ Similar to preceding, but without symbol. 

Sir Hermann Weber. 

These beautiful coins, with which in northern Greece only the federal coins of the Chalcid- 
ian League are comparable, were very likely the work of an Athenian engraver. The facing head 
of Apollo is specially interesting as one of the most successful of the numerous facing heads in- 
spired by the masterpiece of Kimon, of Syracuse, his facing Arethusa. 

The Race-torch alludes to a popular Thracian sport, the torch race in honor of Bendis, iden- 
tified with the Greek Artemis. The cult of Bendis was brought to Athens, where the goddess 
had a temple, and a solemn festival was celebrated in her honor at Piraeus. The torch-race on 
horseback was a prominent feature of this festival. In the opening paragraphs of his Republic 
Plato mentions this race as if the one alluded to were the first run with horses at Athens. "■ Don't 
you know," said Adimantus, •• that there will be a torch-race on horseback this evening in honor 
of the goddess" ? •• On horseback" ? said I, " that's something new. Will the riders pass the 
torches on while the horses are racing ? Or how do you mean " ? ' L Exactly as you said ". 

Philippi was the name given to a sixth century colony established in the Pangaean district 
by the Thasians and called Daton. It was, of course, the rich gold deposits that attracted the 



38 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Thasians to the region. They were, however, soon driven out by the Pangaean tribes ; but they 
reestablished themselves in the early part of the fourth century at Crenides, not far from the 
former settlement. When Philip took the place in B. C. 358 he changed the name to Philippi. 
It was one of the few cities of Macedon to lose its independence, but retain the right to issue 
coins. Before the end of Philip's reign, however, the right was withdrawn, though a royal Mace- 
donian mint was continued there to coin the products of the rich gold mines of the region. At a 
much later date the place became famous for the battle there between the legions of Octavian and 
Brutus ; and also for St. Paul's first missionary service in Europe at that place and his letter to 
the Philippians. 

After B. C. 358. 

124 N. Euboic Stater ; 8.58 gr.; 20 mm. Obv. Head of Heracles, in lion skin r. 

Rev. / <MAirTQN Lebes-tripod with three rings; lion claw feet; in field, r., 
horse's head r. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

t25 ^R. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 14-06 gr. ; 26.5 mm. Obv. Head of Hera- 
cles, in lion's skin, r., the feet tied around his neck. 

Rev. *— <4>IAir TQN Lebes-tripod with long plain feet, hung with fillets at each 
side; above, palm- branch ; to 1., barley-head. 

Alatini Coll. 

The Macedonian influence is seen in these types of Heracles, so familiar later on the coins 
of Alexander the Great, and the tripod of Apollo, whose head is the obverse type of Philip's gold 
staters. 

The Kings of Macedon. 

Alexander 7, B. C. 498-4-54. 
After the failure of the Persian expedition against Greece, Alexander I, who had contrived 
to serve both Persian and Greek in turn, now freed from his vassalage of years to the Persian 
domination entered upon a campaign of conquest. One of the first of these conquests were the 
Bisaltae, whose rich silver mines he aimed at. The product of these mines supplied the sinews 
for the future powerful Macedonia. 

J26 At. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 13.18 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Horseman riding 
1. wearing kausia and carrying two spears in r. hand ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. \ Head of he-goat r. in a linear square ; tol., caduceus ; the whole in incuse 
square. 

H. Chapman. 

127 Ak. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 12.67 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Horseman wear- 
ing kausia and chlamys r. ; he carries two spears in 1. hand ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. Forepart of he-goat r., with r. leg bent, in linear square ; the whole in incuse 
square. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

The obverse type of the horseman on the coins of Alexander I resembles so much the coins 
of the Bisaltae that it is probably an imitation of that established coinage. The goat is the early 
type of Aegae, the original capital of Macedonia. 

No. 127 may have been issued in the reign of Perdiccas II, B. C. 454-413, who continued 
the types of Alexander I. The style of the coin is much superior to, and doubtless later than 
No. 126. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 39 

Archelaus I, B. C. 413-399. 

After this son of Perdiccas had disposed of rival claimants and reached the throne of Mace- 
don he proved in fact a very ahle ruler. He fostered the arts and brought to his court a number 
of eminent artists and literary men. Thus Zeuxis was summoned to Edessa to adorn the royal 
palace, for which service he received the generous reward of seven talents (about $8,000). The 
dramatist Agatho lived for some years at the court of Archelaus, but most notable of all was 
Euripides who spent the last few years of his life there. 

"With the accession of Archelaus the standard of the Macedonian silver coinage was changed 
from the Phoenician to the lighter Persic. The reasons for the change have never been agreed 
upon. It may have been due, as Prof. Gardner holds, to the influence of Persia, following the 
decline of Athens. But the lower standard may have been adopted in order to increase the cir- 
culation throughout the Greek commercial centers of Macedonian silver, said to have been a talent 
a day from the Bisaltian mines. And the law of monetary circulation, now known as the Gresham 
Law, that the cheaper money displaces the better, was certainly known to the Greeks of the 
period. Athens had suppressed coinage throughout her empire and forced the circulation of her 
" owls", a measure which Macedon could not take in the time of Archelaus. 

128 JR. Persic Stater ; 10.01 gr. ; 23.5 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo r., wearing 
taenia. 

Rev. \ APXEAAO Horse walking r., with rein hanging loose, in a linear square ; 
the whole in an incuse square. 
Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

Amyntas III, B. C. 389-383 and 381-369. 
This prince soon found that the throne gained by dispossessing Pausanias was far from 
secure. For in B. C. 383 he had to fly his kingdom in the face of an invasion by the Illyrians, 
his country's ancient foe ; and to secure for his people that protection he could not give them, he 
even handed over some of his southern towns to the Chalcidian League. Amyntas regained his 
throne later, but not his cities until Sparta, to whom he had appealed, crushed the peninsular 
League. 

129 JR. Persic Stater ; 9.37 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Head of bearded Heracles r. 
in lion's skin. 

Rev. \ AMY NTA Horse standing r. in linear square; the whole in an incuse 
square. 

H Chapman. 

This piece was issued in the earlier period of the king's divided reign. 

130 JR. Persic Stater ; 9.98 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Horseman prancing r., wear- 
ing kausia and chlamys ; spear in r. hand striking downwards ; on horse's flank, t. 

Rev. \ AMY NTA Lion 1. breaking hunting-spear which has pierced his r. foot. 
Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

This coin with its novel type was issued in the second period of the reign. The lion-hunt 
is evidently alluded to by the type. 

Philip II, B. C. 359-336. 
This gifted monarch made Macedon a world-power politically and there is no better evidence 
of that fact than his vast gold and silver coinage. For immediately after his accession Philip 



40 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

gained possession of the Pangaean district, one of the richest gold fields known in antiquity. The 
enormous production of gold had already so affected the price of the metal, reducing it from 1 to 
12 down to 1 to 10 as compared with silver, that the Macedonian monetary system had to be again 
reorganized. Philip struck his new gold staters on the Attic standard and restored the Phoenician 
standard for silver. This made the gold stater worth 24 silver drachms. 

The gold of Philip succeeded to the place long held by the Persian Daric and the Cyzicene 
Stater in the commerce of the world. They were carried in great quantities into Central Europe 
by the Gauls, where the types were rudely copied. These crude Gallic imitations were in turn 
used and copied in Britain, with the ultimate result that the English Pound was derived from the 
Macedonian Stater. 

J3 J N. Stater ; 8.58 gr. ; 18 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, laureate, r. 
Rev. — » <t>IAinPOY (in exergue). Biga r., driven by female charioteer, holding 
reins in r. and whip in 1. hand ; in front of wheel, A I ; beneath horses, [^. 
Virzi Coll. 

J32 N. Attic Distater ; 17.20 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. / Legend and type similar to preceding ; beneath horses, thunderbolt. 
Spink $■ Son. 

The types of these gold coins relate to the victory won by Philip's horses in the Olympian 
games. For this there is the definite statement of Plutarch. No. 132 was not struck in Mace- 
donia, but most likely in Central Europe. It is a rather early imitation. 

Alexander III, the Great, B. C. 336-323. 

Alexander exploited in conquest and commerce the great power his father Philip left him. 
He promptly put into execution Philip's plans to conquer Asia and in fact rather easily achieved 
the role of a hero that for centuries captivated the imagination of mankind, and also converted 
the world influence of his father's kingdom into an actual world-empire. Of this the coins are 
again a most important witness. His' gold Staters and silver Tetradrachms were issued from 
numerous mints throughout his empire, and after his death they continued to be issued from 
scores of mints for a long period. These enormous issues supplanted or supplemented other 
coinages everywhere and thus became the most widely used international coinage the world has 
ever known. Commercial reasons once more required a change in the monetary system of Mace- 
don, and the Attic standard, already used for the gold, was also introduced for the silver. This 
Attic system was a decimal one, 20 silver drachms being equivalent to the gold stater. 

133 N. Attic Distater; 17.17 gr.; 23 mm. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing 
crested Corinthian helmet adorned with serpent, earring, and necklace. 

Rev. \ AAEZANAPOY Winged Nike standing to front, head turned 1., holding 
wreath in r. and naval standard in 1. ; in field, trident. 

Alexander is said to have ridiculed the chariot-type his father placed on his gold coins. He 
promptly abandoned the type and introduced his own which were quite new on Macedonian coins. 
His choice of Athena for his gold was probably dictated by his desire to pose as a friend of Athens, 
though his devotion to that goddess is an established fact. 

J34 JR. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.14 gr. ; 20.5 mm. Obv. Head of young Hera- 
cles, in lion's skin, 1. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 41 

Rev. / AAEEANAPOY Zeus seated 1. on throne, holding eagle in extended r. 
hand, the 1. supporting scepter; in field, r., bee. 
Spink if Son. 

Tradition has it that the head of Heracles on his silver coins really presents the portrait of 
Alexander himself. If so it is the first instance of a human portrait on Greek coins. The head 
on the tetradrachms is usually turned to the right, very rarely to the left as on this specimen. 

Demetrius JPoliorcetes, B. C. 306-283. 

In 306 B. C. Demetrius in command of the fleet of his father Antigonus, " King of Asia", 
won a naval victory over Ptolemy of Egypt off Cyprus. As a memorial of the event he erected 
the colossal statue of Victory in Samothrace. which is still preserved and is now in the Louvre. 
That statue is represented on his coins, a type that was employed for an extensive coinage in sev- 
eral denominations. The type of Poseidon on Xo. 137 also relates to that victory. 

Immediately after that naval victory both Antigonus and Demetrius assumed the title of 
/Sa<ri\ei/s, being the first of Alexander's successors to do so. The example was promptly followed 
by the others ; and even Agathocles at distant Syracuse was inspired to assume that dignity. 

J35 N. Attic Stater : 8.61 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Head of Demetrius r., with dia- 
dem and bull's horn. 

Rev. \ BASIAEQS AHMHTPIOY Horseman prancing r., wearing kausia and 
chlamjs, carrying spear in r. hand ; behind, fa ; beneath horse, £. 

Sir Hermann Weber Coll. 

J36 3Z-. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.91 gr. ; 30 mm. Obv. Nike standing 1. on a 
ship's prow, blowing trumpet and holding naval standard in 1. hand ; the prow orna- 
mented with large eye ; below, a curved line indicates waves ; on border, circle of dots. 

Rev. \ BA?IAEQ§ AHMHTPIOY Poseidon standing 1., wielding trident with r. 
hand, his chlamys hung across 1. arm ; in field, fa . 

J37 7R. Attic Tetradrachm; 17.30 gr.; 32.5 mm. Obv. Head of Demetrius 
r., diademate ; on border, circle of dots. 

Rev. I BASIAEQ3 AHMHTPIOY Poseidon standing L, his 1. foot resting on a 
rock, r. arm resting on raised leg, the 1. holding trident ; in field, 1., eg ; r., ft ; on bor- 
der, circle of dots. 

Antigonus Gronatas, B. C. 277-239. 

The outstanding events in the long reign of this king was his crushing of the Gauls who had 
invaded Macedon and his final defeat of Pyrrhus who claimed the crown, the latter being killed at 
Argos. 

J38 7K. Attic Tetradrachm: 17.02 gr.: 31.5 mm. Obv. Head of Poseidon r. 
crowned with maiine plant. 

Rev. \ BA^IAEQS ANTITONOY on prow of battle-ship ; on which Apollo seated 
1. holding bow in r. hand ; below, ffrj . 

It is yet uncertain whether this interesting coin was issued by Antigonus Gouatas or Antig- 
onus Doson. But in B. C. 253 the former won a naval victory over the Egyptian fleet off Cos, to 
which the type might refer. 



42 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

PAEONIA. 

• It is not clear whether Paeonia recovered its independence of Macedonia following the death 
of Perdiccas or became a vassal kingdom of Philip II, with the right to coin money. In the latter 
case one would expect the standard to conform to the Macedonian, but it does not. So that the 
remnant of that nation, that once had embraced nearly all of Macedonia and Thrace, may have 
led an independent existence alongside its more powerful neighbor to the south. 

Lycceius, B. C. 359-340. 

139 M. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 15.29 gr. ; 24.5 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, 
laureate, r. ; on border, circle of dots. 

Rev. \ AYKKEIOY Heracles, naked, strangling lion with 1. arm, his club raised 
in r. hand ; behind, bow and quiver. 

Rhousopoulos Coll. 



THRACE. 

Aenus was situated at the mouth of the Hebrus river on which floated a very considerable 
commerce. This assured the city wealth, but the city never acquired a commanding political in- 
fluence, and was incorporated into the Macedonian empire about B. C. 350, when its independent 
coinage came to an end. 

B. c. 46O-400. 

140 1&. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.23 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Head of Hermes r. 
wearing close-fitting petasus with tassel and beaded band. 

Rev. J AINI Goat standing r. ; in front, young Dionysus resting on 1. knee, 
offers the goat a vine-leaf ; the whole in incuse square. 
Allatini Coll. 

B. C. 400-350. 

141 J&. Chian Tetradrachm ; 15.81 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Head of Hermes, fac- 
ing, wearing close-fitting petasus with tassel and beaded band. 

Rev. f Al N ION Goat standing r. ; before, amphora ; the whole in incuse square. 

Allatini Coll. 

These beautiful types relate to the cults of Hermes, the god who directed commerce to the 
Hebrus, and to Dionysus. The facing head shows one of the numerous efforts of Greek coin 
engravers to imitate the success and renown achieved by Kimon with his Arethusa head at 
Syracuse. 

Abdera, situate on the southern coast of Thrace, was originally an unsuccessful colony of 
Clazomene. But in B. C. 544 it was occupied by people from Teos who sought refuge from the 
domination of the Persians. The city soon became prosperous and rose to great importance. 
But some who had fled the Persians at Teos must have lived to see that hated master lord it over 
their new home. For Abdera became one of the halting places for Xerxes and his host when on 
their way to invade Greece. 

Circ. B. C. 480. 

142 M. Phoenician Octodrachm ; 28.77 gr. ; 31 mm. Obv. Griffin seated 1., 
with beak open, curled plain wings, and the r. paw raised ; in field, ? ; on border, lin- 
ear circle. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 43 

Rev. Incuse square divided into four compartments. 
Spink $ Son. 

J43 31. Phoenician Octodrachm ; 29.70 gr. ; 27.5 mm. Similar to preceding, 
but the griffin has feathered wings, and in field, L, cantherus. 
Sir R. Weber Coll. 

The coins issued by the Tean refugees at Abdera bear the same types as the coins of their 
former home. The standard, however, is different. It is apparently the Phoenician standard 
modified to meet local commercial conditions. 

These Octodrachms were very likely issued to meet the increased demand for currency 
occasioned by the occupation of the town by the Persian army on its way to invade Greece. 

Qirc. B. a 450-430. 

J44 M. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; lj-.94gr.; 27 mm. Obv. Griffin seated 1. 
on a fish, with rounded, feathered wing; around, magistrate's name KAAAIAAMAS ; 
around, circle of dots. 

Rev. — ► ABAHPITEQN on border of an incuse square; within, smaller linear 
square in four compartments. 

J45 M. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 14-88 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Griffin, rampant, 
1., the beak open, pointed feathered wings ; beneath, phallus ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. / EPINE £T \0$ on border of incuse square; in center, smaller linear 
square in four compartments. 

J46 3*.. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 14-88 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Griffin, rampant, 
1., beak open, pointed feathered wing ; beneath, crayfish ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. \ Er I M OA T AA OS on border of incuse square ; in center, young male 
head 1. in smaller incuse square. 

B. C. 408-350. 

147 31. Persic Stater; 1047 gr.; 23.5 mm. Obv. ABAH — PITEQN Recum- 
bent griffin, with pointed wing, 1. 

Rev. / EPIIPPft — NAKT05 Head of Apollo, laureate, r. ; beneath, shell. 

Spink £ Son. 

The adoption of the Persian standard of coinage at Abdera in the closing years of the fifth 
century is interesting. Athens had fallen in 405 B. C, a victim immediately of Spartan arms, but 
chiefly of the enormous subsidies of Persian gold. With the prostration of Athens the power of 
Persia grew rapidly. This power and the enormous supplies of Persian gold were felt in all chan- 
nels of trade and especially in Thrace and Macedon, where the Persic standard was widely 
adopted. 

Dicaea, in Thrace, was sometimes called "Dicaea near Abdera" to distinguish it from the 
Macedonian town of the same name, which was a colony of Eretria and known as " Dicaea of the 
Eretrians."' The Thracian Dicaea was a relatively unimportant sea-coast town. 

Before B. C. 500. 

J 48 -31. Babylonic Stater ; 9.72 gr. ; 19 mm. Obv. Head of bearded Heracles 
r. in lion skin. 



44 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Rev. Incuse square divided by bands into four triangular compartments, two of 
which are subdivided. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

Samothrace, in the Aegaean Sea off the coast of Thrace, was from a very early period famous 
as the seat of the mysteries of the Kabeiri. It was also by many regarded as the place of origin 
of the worship of Kybele, with which the mysteries of the Kabeiri became somewhat confused. 
The island was taken by Macedon and remained a part of that empire until the death of Lysima- 
chus. Thereupon it issued coins with types showing local influence. 

Qirc. B. C. 280. 

149 1&. Attic Stater ; 7.82 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Head of Pallas r. in crested 
Corinthian helmet adorned with serpent. 

Rev. \ §AMO Kybele seated 1. on a throne, in long chiton, modius? on head, 
patera in outstretched r. hand, holding sceptre in 1. ; beneath throne, lion seated 1. ; 
to 1., reading downward, M HTPONA[KTO§]. 

Byzantium, on the Propontis, was colonized first by the Argives and later received an addi- 
tion of Megarians. But in spite of its favorable location on the crossing of two great commercial 
highways the city made little progress until Milesian colonists arrived. Following the Ionian Re- 
volt the city was abandoned before the Persian fleet could reach it. The Persians destroyed the 
empty town. It was not restored until after the defeat of Xerxes. Later the place suffered 
cruelly at the hands of the Gauls, who sacked it clean ; and still later was made the splendid Con- 
stantinople of the Romans and Greeks, and finally, the squalid one of the Turk. 

Giro. B. C. 221. 

150 S&. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 14-72 gr. ; 27,5 mm. Obv. Head of Demeter 
r., veiled and crowned with wreath of grain-leaves. 

Rev. j PY Poseidon, nude down to waist, seated r. on a rock, holding aplustre 
in r. and trident in 1. hand ; beneath, En A0ANAIQN (i. e. A0ANAIQN) ; in field, 1., {£. 

Panticapaeum was a sixth century Milesian colony situated on the Cimmerian Bosporus, in 
the modern Crimea. It stood, therefore, at the gateway to the gold mines of the Altai mountains, 
the treasure guarded by the legendary griffins. 

Circ. B. C. 350. 

151 N. Stater ; 9.08 gr. ; 22.5 mm. Obv. Head of Pan 1., with heavy pointed 
beard and animal-ear, crowned with ivy. 

Rev. \ TAN Winged griffin, with head of horned he-goat, 1., the head facing, r. 
paw raised, spear in mouth ; below, barley-head. 
Spink Sj- Son. ■ . 

The head of Pan, a punning-type alluding to the first syllable of the city's name, is the fine 
work of a Greek artist. Evidently the grain-fields of the territory vied with gold as a source of 
wealth, as the barley-head would indicate. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 45 

KINGS OF THRACE. 

Lysimachus, B. 0. 328-281. 

Lysimachus was regent of Thrace for Philip Aridaeus and the young son of Alexander by 
Eoxaua. but, following the death of the heir, he received Thrace as his portion of the empire and 
assumed the title of King in B. C. 306. In B. C. 286 he obliged Pyrrhus to relinquish his claims 
to Macedonia and withdraw to Epirus, and thus strengthened his claims to that much disputed 
throne. 

After B. 0. 306. 

J52 A. Stater ; 8.55 gr. : 18 mm. Obv. Head of Athena r., in crested Corin- 
thian helmet adorned with serpent ; wears necklace. 

Rev. / BA5IAEQ5 AYSIMAXOY Nike standing 1., holding wreath in r. and naval 
standard in 1. hand ; in field, r., forepart of lioness and (Q) ; below r. wing of Nike, 
bucranium. 

153 ISi. Attic Tetradrachm : 16.79 gr.; 28 mm. Obv. Head of young Hera- 
cles, in lion's skin, r. : border of dots. 

Rev. / BA5IAEQ^ AYSIMAXOY Zeus Aetephoros seated 1. on throne, holding 
sceptre in 1. hand ; in front, forepart of lion and crescent ; beneath throne, i$. 

Lysimachus continued these Alexander types on his coins for several years after the death 
of the conqueror. 

J54 -A. Stater; 8.55 gr.; 19.5 mm. Obv. Head of deified Alexander r., with 
diadem and horn of Ammon. 

Rev. \ BA§IAEQ§ AY5IMAXOY Athena seated 1. on throne, wearing long chiton 
and crested Corinthian helmet; behind, her shield, on which rests her 1. arm with spear 
in hand : in r. hand, Nike crowning the name of the king. 

J55 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.01 gr. ; 31 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding, 
with circle of dots on border. 

Rev. \ Inscription and type similar to preceding; in front of Athena, ^ ; in 
field, r., K- 

When Lysimachus abandoned the Alexander types he no doubt sought to conciliate the 
friends of the conqueror by placing the head of the deified Alexander on his coins. But his own 
glory and vanity were equally well served in the type of Athena with Nike crowning his royal 
name. 



THESSALY. 

Lamia was the capital of the Malian people and located somewhat inland from the Malian 
Gulf. The place was famous in Greek history as the seat of the Lamian War waged between the 
Macedonians and Greek confederates led by the Athenians. 

Circ. B. C. 302-286. 

J56 1&- Aeginetic Drachm ; 5Jj3 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Head of nymph Lamia r., 
wearing taenia and earring. 



46 Catalogue op Greek Coins 

Rev. f A AM I — EON Philoctetes, naked, seated 1. on a rock, holding bow in 
case with r. hand, his 1. resting on the rock. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

The fine head on the obverse suggests a portrait ; and it has been suggested that it might be 
Lamia, the mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes. In that case the Lamians sought royal favor by 
thus honoring the beautiful hetaira of whom Demetrius was so fond. 

The reverse type of Philoctetes gives no suggestion of that Thessalian prince suffering with 
his wounded foot, as portrayed by Sophocles. Yet the type suits this mythical figure who was 
banished from the army before Troy and abandoned in Lemnos, rather than Heracles. 

Larissa, situate on the Peneus river, was the principal city of Thessaly. It was probably a 
Pelasgic town of great antiquity and founded by the same race by which the several cities named 
Larissa in Europe and Asia were built. Larissa was the ancestral home of the powerful house of 
the Aleuadae, some of whom became tyrants of portions of Thessaly. They sided with the Per- 
sians against Greece and were expelled. 

Giro. B. C. 480-430. 

J57 &. Aeginetic Drachm ; 6.07 gr. ; 21.5 mm. Obv. Youth standing 1., his 
petasus and chlamys hanging on back, restraining bull with rope around horns ; around, 
circle of dots. 

Rev. \ AAPI — SAIA Horse, with loose rein, galloping r. 

Mathey Coll. 

The bull-fight was the national sport of the Thessaliaus. Suetonius (Claudius, 21), describes 
the manner of the contest. The youth on horseback pursued the bull around the arena until the 
animal was nearly exhausted, then leaped from his horse, seized it by the horns and stretched it 
upon the ground. The horse, of course, was free after his rider grappled with the bull and gal- 
loped away. The types of this coin portray the critical moment of the fight. 

Giro. B. C. 400-34$. 

158 -^R- Aeginetic Didrachm ; 12.24 9 r - ; %5 m ™- Obv. Head of nymph La- 
rissa three-quarter face 1., with fillet in hair. 

Rev. I AAPI ^AIQN Bridled horse trotting r. 
Sava&topoulos Coll. 

The facing head on this coin at once marks it as later than the famous facing Arethusa-head 
on the coin engraved by Kimon at Syracuse. 

J59 JR. Aeginetic Drachm ; 5.92 gr. ; 19.5 mm. Obv. Head of Aleuas three- 
quarter face 1., in ornamented conical helmet with flaps; in field, r., AAEYA and battle- 
ax. 

Rev. \ AAPI§AIA Eagle on thunderbolt 1., with head turned back; in field, 1., 

BAAA. 

Rhousopoulos Coll. 

The head on this coin is meant for Aleuas, the founder of the princely house of the Aleuadae. 

Oetaei was the designation of the people who inhabited the slopes of Mount Oeta. They 
were not an entirely independent people, but more or less under the domination of the Thessalians. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 47 

B. C. 496-146. 

f 60 ^R- Attic Didrachm ; 7 .61 gr. ; 2!f mm. Obv. Lion's head 1., with spear in 
mouth. 

Rev. f OITAI — QN Heracles standing to front, holding club in 1. hand, with 
lion's skin hanging across r. arm. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

Strabo mentions the cult of Heracles among the Oetaei, and evidently it was specially favored. 

Pherae was the birthplace of that Jason, whose exceptional military abilities and personal 
qualities made him practically monarch of all Thessaly and one of the famous leaders of Greece. 
Soon after the assassination of Jason the supreme power fell into the hands of one Alexander. 

Alexander of Pherae, B. C. 369-357. 

\6\ ■#*-. Aeginetic Didrachm ; 11.50 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Head of Hekate three- 
quarter face r., with earring ; holds torch in r. hand. 

Rev. / AAEEANAPOY Horseman with lance, charging r. ; wears petasus and 
cuirass ; beneath horse, battle-ax. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

These types relate to the cult of Hekate, or rather of Artemis, with whom the former was 
associated, and. perhaps, to Poseidon Hippios ; whilst the battle-ax is an allusion to Alexander's 
special worship of Dionysus Pelekis ( 7 rAe/ci's= battle-ax). 

Thessali. After defeating Philip at Cynoscephalae in B. C. 196 Plamininus declared the 
Thessalians and other neighboring peoples free. The Thessali set up a federal government and 
instituted a coinage, which continued till the establishment of the Province of Macedon in B. C. 
146. 

J62 1&. Double Victoriatus ; 5.81 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus r., crowned 
with oak ; behind, ITAAOS- 

Rev. / 0ES5A AQN Thessalian Pallas Itonia standing r., in fighting attitude, 
with shield in 1., spear in r. hand, her peplos hanging across her arms ; wears crested 
helmet and long chiton; above, AAKET . . .; below, §Q§ITTAT[PO^]. 

Spink $ Son. 

The Victoriatus was struck on what was virtually the Khodian standard. It became the 
basis of an extensive Roman coinage. 



EPIRUS. 

Alexander, B. C. 342-326. 

This son of Xeoptolemus, brother of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, is best 
known in history for his futile efforts to aid the Greeks of Magna Graecia against the Bruttii, 
where he lost his life. 

J63 At. Aeginetic Stater ; 10.89 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus Dodonaeus 
r. crowned with oak-leaves. 



48 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Rev. J AAEEANAPOY TOY NEOrTOAEMOY Thunderbolt. 
Rhousopoulos Coll. 

The Aeginetic standard of this piece points to Epirus as the place of issue, though the most 
of Alexander's coins were struck in Italy to meet the expenses of his expedition. 

Pyrrhus, B. C. 295-272. 

This able but impetuous and capricious prince was one of the most interesting royal person- 
ages of antiquity. Pyrrhus is better known for his exploits outside his own kingdom of Epirus 
than for anything he accomplished for his own people. He contested the throne of Macedon 
with Demetrius Poliorcetes and for seven months was king of all Macedon in B. C. 287-286, while, 
after his campaigns in the West, he again won the throne of that country from Antigonus, B. C. 
274-272. Pyrrhus is best known, however, for his campaigns in Italy, at the invitations of the 
Tarentines, against the Romans, and in Sicily against the Carthaginians and Mamertines ; in both 
of which he won costly successes but no enduring results, and had to give up his dreams of a 
western empire. He met his death in Argos, whither he had withdrawn following an unsuccess- 
ful effort to intervene in the affairs of Sparta. He was struck down by a tile hurled from the 
roof of a house in what was really a street-brawl. 

164 N. Attic Stater ; 8.59 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Head of Athena r. in crested 
Corinthian helmet, wearing earring and necklace ; beneath, A ; in field 1., owl ; on 
border, circle of dots. 

Rev. I BA5IAEQ5 PYPPOY Nike standing 1., with oak-wreath in r. hand, trophy 
in 1. ; in field, thunderbolt; border of dots. 
Hvrsch XII, 175. 

165 Af. Attic Drachm ; Jf.22 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Head of Artemis r., wearing 
earring and necklace ; behind, quiver ; in front, torch ; circle of dots on border. 

Rev. I Similar to preceding. 

Prowe, 855. 

These gold coins were struck at Syracuse while Pyrrhus was in Sicily (B. C. 278-275) to aid 
the Greeks there against the Mamertines and Carthaginians. For a time his armies swept all 
before them, but he crushed neither and left Sicily with but little accomplished. The reverse 
type of the gold is eloquent of his confidence. 

166 ^~ Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.05 gr. ; 32 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus Dodo- 
naeus 1., crowned with oak-leaves ; beneath, A ; border of dots. 

Rev. [ BASIAEQ^ PYPPOY Dione seated 1. on a throne, wearing high Stephanos, 
chiton, and peplos ; scepter in r. hand, and with 1. holding up corner of peplos. 

Hirsch. 

The style of this Tetradrachm betrays the fabric of the mint at Locri Epizephyrii in Italy, 
where it was almost certainly issued during the military operations of Pyrrhus in Italy. 



AETOLIA. 

The Aetolians were the most backward of the Greek people, remaining almost untouched by 
civilization till early in the third century. The failure of the Macedonians to reach them and 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 49 

subdue them, while on the other hand their success in stemming an invasion of the Gauls, led 
them to boast of two victories. Their organized efforts to meet these two formidable enemies re- 
sulted in cementing their league as well as winning considerable respect throughout Greece. 
Their first coins were struck after these events. 

B. O. 279-168. 

167 X. Attic Stater ; 8.48 gr. ; 18.5 mm. Obv. Head of Athena r. in crested 
Corinthian helmet adorned with serpent; between serpent and crest, A- 

Rev. *— AITQAQN Aetolia, wearing kausia, chiton, and endromides, seated r. on 
pile of Gaulish and Macedonian shields ; she holds spear in r. and Nike, with wreath, 
in 1. hand ; in field, 1., X> v -> B ; in exergue, club. 

Rhousopoulos, 1598. 

J 68 ^R.. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.97 gr.; 31 mm. Obv. Head of Heracles, in 
lion's skin, r. ; border of dots. 

Rev. I Similar to preceding ; in field, ^ and I H ; on the upper shield, A, on the 
lower, AV. 

The figure of Aetolia on these two coins may represent the statue dedicated by the Aeto- 
lians at Delphi to commemorate their victories over the Macedonians and Gauls. In that case 
the letters on the shields very likely allude to the generals, Acichorius of the Gauls and Lyciscus 
of the Macedonians. 

169 •#*■• Aeginetic ? Stater ; 10.56 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Young male head r., 
crowned with oak-wreath intertwined with a diadem ; behind, AY ; border of dots. 

Rev. | AITfiAQN Young warrior standing 1., his r. foot resting on rock, his 
chlamys thrown across r. leg, holding spear with r. hand ; kausia hanging at back ; in 
field, 1., N<. 

Rhousopoulos Coll. 

It has been suggested that the head on this coin represents Antiochus III, who was made 
honorary head of the Aetolian League in B. C. 192. It has also been identified with Demetrius, 
son of Antigonus Gonatas. 



LOCRIS. 

The Eastern, or Opontian, Locrians, as they were sometimes called to distinguish them from 
the Western or Epizephyrian Locrians of Italy, struck no coins till after the Peace of Antalcidas 
in B. C. 387. One of the terms of that peace required all Greek communities to be autonomous. 
The Locrians may have been obliged to establish a mint. The mint was opened at Opus, the 
capital, and the coins bear the name of that city. 

B. 0.400-300. 

170 /R. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.93 gr. ; 21f mm. Obv. Head of Persephone 1., 
crowned with grain-leaves, wearing earring and necklace. 

Rev. / OPONTIQN Locrian Ajax, nude, advancing r., wearing crested Corin- 
thian helmet, armed with short sword and shield, on inner side of which, serpent. 



50 Catalogue of Gebek Coins 

M\ JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.16 gr. ; 24-5 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 

Rev. — * Similar to- preceding, but griffin on inner side of shield ; on ground, 
spear ; between feet of hero, aias. 

Sir IT. Weber Coll. 

J72 JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.22 gr.; 25 mm. Obv. Head of Persephone r., 
crowned with grain-leaves, wearing earring of single drop, and necklace. 

Rev. \ Similar to preceding, but without hero's name. 

Philipsen Coll. 

J73 JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.24 9 r ' 5 21 x 26 mm. Obv. Head of Persephone 
1., wearing wreath of barley-leaves, earring, and necklace. 

Rev. \ Similar to preceding, but lion on inner side of shield ; on ground, between 
the hero's feet, pileos and spear. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

Comparison of the head on these beautiful Staters with the Syracusan Dekadrachms by 
Euainetos discloses the fact that the Locrians, like other backward peoples of Greece, turned to 
the famous engravers of Sicily or of Italy when they began to issue coins. 

The reverse type celebrates the Locrian hero, Ajax, son of Oileus, who had been one of 
Helen's suitors and went to Troy with forty ships. Ajax never returned, having incurred the 
wrath of Athena for violating Cassandra when Troy was taken. 



BOEOTIA. 

Tanagra, situate in the southwestern part of Boeotia near the frontier of Attica, was one of 
two important cities of the country, Thebes being the other. It was long in close political rela- 
tions with Chalcis just across the Euripus in Euboea. Tanagra is best known today for the beau- 
tiful figurines that have been found in its necropolis. 

Cire. B. C. 480-456. 

J 74 JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.47 gr. ; 19 mm. Obv. Boeotian shield. 

Rev. BO I Wheel of four spokes, between which are the letters of the inscription 
retrograde. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

The shield is the common type of the confederate cities of Boeotia, while the wheel was 
evidently adopted from Chalcis and may point to a monetary alliance. 

Circ. B. C. 387-374. 
175 JR. Aeginetic Stater; 12.11 gr.; 23 mm. Obv. Boeotian shield. 
Rev. \ T A Forepart of horse r. with wreath around neck. 

Durufle, 386. 

The horse, apparently swimming, may refer to the Biver Asopus struggling through the 
gorge into the plain near Tanagra. 

Thebes was the principal city of Boeotia and capital of the Boeotian League. This city, 
founded by Cadmus, the reputed inventor of the alphabet and hero of many a myth, was second 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 51 

to no other Greek city in the richness of its legendary history. Under the leadership of Thebes 
the cities of Boeotia were at an early period formed into one of the most successful confederations 
of antiquity. The representatives, called Boeotarchs, met at Thebes and had plenary powers in 
matters of common interest, including that of coinage. 

B. 0. 426-387. 

176 1&. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.00 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Boeotian shield. 

Rev. -^ ©E Infant Heracles, seated to front, strangling serpent with each hand ; 
in field, bow. 

Benson Coll. 

Hera, enraged, sent two serpents to destroy the infant Heracles, but the mighty son of her 
husband Zeus and Alemena strangled the serpents. The type here simply treats one of the myths 
of Heracles as aTheban hero ; but soon the same type was employed elsewhere as a symbol of 
the struggle of freedom against cruel tyranny. It was so used at Croton, and by the anti-Spartan 
league of Ephesus. Sanios, and other cities. 

B. C. 288-2H- 

177 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm : 16.85 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Poseidon r. 
with wreath. 

Rev. \ BOIQTQN Poseidon, nude down to hips, seated 1. on throne, holding 
fish in r. and trident in 1. hand ; on side of throne, Boeotian shield ; around, circle of 
dots. 

Rhousopoulos Coll. 



EUBOEA. 

Carystus began to strike coins about the middle of the sixth century, but the issues were 
evidently few and not abundant. The town was held by the Persians for a while, but was not 
destroyed. After the Persian Wars its coinage became more abundant. But on being drawn 
into the Athenian Alliance, Carystus probably suffered, like other members, a suspension of its 
coinage. 

Giro. B. C. 369-336. 

178 R~ Stater ; 7.78 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Cow standing r., with head turned 
back and licking sucking calf. 

Rev. t KA PYSTIfiN Cock standing r. 
Hirsch XXXIV, 330. 

The cow is probably to be associated with the worship of Hera who had a temple on Mt. 
Oche in the vicinity : whilst the cock is apparently a punning type alluding to the name Kapvaros 
suggesting K apv^. 

B. C. 107-146. 

179 -V Trite ; 3.18 gr. : 13 mm. Obv. Head of bearded Heracles, in lion's 
skin, r. 

Rev. \ KAPY Recumbent cow 1. ; above, trident ; below, club. 



52 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Eretria was founded by Ionians, either from Athens or the Peloponnesus, at a very early 
date. It became one of the great colonizing cities of antiquity, Eretrian settlements being found 
as far west as Sicily and Italy and in large numbers on the Aegaean Islands ; in other words, 
Eretria was an enterprizing commercial state before the rise of Athens and Corinth. In return 
for the services rendered by Athens in her war with Chalcis for the plain of Lelanthe, Eretria 
furnished four ships to the Athenian fleet in the expedition to succor Miletus at the time of the 
Ionian Kevolt in B. C. 498. In revenge Datis destroyed Eretria when he got possession of the 
place in 490. Eretria had been in close alliance with Athens in the time of Pisistratus, whom 
Eretrians restored to power in B. C. 533 ; and it was to Eretria Hippias withdrew when expelled 
in B. C. 511. 

Oirc. B. a 550. 

J80 fit- Stater ; 8.52 gr. ; 19 mm. Obv. Gorgon-head facing, with protruding 
tongue, the hair in small formal ringlets on forehead. 

Rev. f Incuse square, divided by diagonal bands into four triangular compart- 
ments, in one of which, lion's head facing. 

Spink 8f Son. 

The Gorgon head is a symbol of Artemis Amarysia whose sanctuary was near the city. 

Oirc. B. O. 511-490. 
J8J ^~ Euboic Tetradrachm ; 17.23 gr. ; 22.5 mm. Obv. E Cow standing r. 
with head turned back scratching her nose with hind foot ; on her back, swallow. 
Rev. f E Cuttle-fish in an incuse square. 
Rhousopoulos Coll. 
The cuttle-fish was the recognized wapderrj/xov or badge of Eretria. 

182 ^. Euboic Tetradrachm ; 17.0 If gr. ; 38 mm. Obv. 3 Cow standing 1. 
scratching nose with hind foot, on back a swallow ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. I Cuttle-fish in incuse square. 

Rhousopoulos Coll. 

This exceedingly rare coin is of special interest on account of its very broad flan, which con- 
trasts so strikingly with the usual thick lumpy coins struck at other mints at the same period. 

Oirc. B. C. 400. 
J83 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.35 gr. ; 24.5 mm. Obv. Head of nymph Eu- 
boea r. 

Rev. f EY Cow standing r. 
Consul Weber Coll. 

This was a federal coin issued at Eretria for the entire island following the fall of Athens in 
404 B. 0. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 53 

ATTICA. 

Athens was confronted with difficult social and political conditions in the latter part of the 
seventh century, when the really authentic annals of the city began. The enforcement of severe 
laws of debt had ruined aud dispossessed the small landowners and even reduced many of them 
to slavery. The powerful aristocracy, realizing the dangers to the state from the miserable con- 
ditions of so much of the population, elected Solon First Archon in B. C. 594 with special man- 
date to revise the laws. One of the chief measures enacted by Solon was intended to reduce 
debts. This was effected by making the mina, which had weighed 73 drachms, to be equivalent 
to 100 drachms, so that the debtor by being enabled to pay with lighter drachms was the gainer 
by 27% of his obligation. But this and other laws for relief did not cure the discontent and in 
566 Pisistratus by trickery and force became tyrant at Athens. Though expelled twice he in 
538 regained the tyramris and by enactment of laws favorable to the poorer classes made his posi- 
tion secure. After the death of Pisistratus in 528 his son Hippias continued the policy of favor- 
ing the arts and attracting men of genius so that at the time of his fall and expulsion in 512 
Athens had advanced to a leading position among the cities of Hellas. 

There can be little doubt that coined money was in circulation at Athens in the time of 
Solon, but whether Athens then struck coins is uncertain. To Pisistratus belongs the credit of 
inaugurating the great series of silver coins with the Athena-head and owl types, later known as 
" OioZs" and destined to play such an important part in the commerce of all Greece. 

Circ. B. C. 514-490. 

J84 A\. Euboic Tetradrachm ; 17.70 gr. ; 24 mm. Obv. Head of Athena, hel- 
meted, r., with hair in short curls on forehead, wearing round earring. 

Rev. / A0E Owl standing r., with head facing ; behind spray of olive consist- 
ing of two leaves and berry ; the whole in incuse square. 

Spink $ Son. 
The style of this piece points to the time of Hippias. The large full-face eye on the profile 
head and the " smile " mark its early period and archaic art. The choice of Athena for represen- 
tation on the Athenian coins was probably made by Pisistratus, who maintained a special cult of 
that goddess. 

J85 JR. Euboic Trihemiobol ; 1.04gr.\ 10.5 mm. Obv. Janiform female heads, 
each wearing earring and each head bound with taenia. 

Rev. — ♦ AGE Hel meted head of Athena r. in incuse square. 

Mathey Coll. 

The Janiform head is exceptional on Athenian coins, but is found on several coins of Lamp- 
sacus. Since, now, the son of Hoppolochus of Lampsacus married the daughter of Hippias, it is 
probable that we have here an interesting memorial of one of the last alliances Hippias entered 
into to support his waning mastery of Athens. 

After B. C. 490. 

186 A\. Euboic Tetradrachm ; 17.11 gr. ; 28 mm. Obv. Head of Athena r., in 
crested helmet adorned with olive wreath ; wears earring and necklace. 

Rev. f A0E Owl standing r. ; behind, spray of olive ; the whole in incuse square. 

The victory- at Marathon was celebrated at Athens in many ways, including numerous dedi- 
cations. At about this time, between 490 and 480, the olive-leaves appear on the helmet of 
Athena on an improved coinage. The olive-leaves doubtless mark a commemorative coinage. 



54 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

MEGAEIS. 

Megara was in very early times one of the more important cities of Greece ; but when 
changed conditions deprived the place of the commercial advantages it had enjoyed because of 
location on the trade-route between the Peloponnesus and Central Greece, it soon declined. Pau- 
sanias saw a number of temples when he visited Megara, evidence of greater days. 

Sixth Century. 
J 87 j'R. Euboic Didrachm ; 8.50 gr. ; 19 mm. Obv. Wheel of four spokes. 
Rev. Incuse square of four diagonal compartments. 
Spink $• Son. 
The attribution of this piece is doubtful ; it may belong to Chalcis, Euboea. 

After B. C. 307. 
J88 &■ Attic Drachm ; Jf.15 gr. ; 19.5 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, laureate, r. 

Rev. f META PEftN Lyre with six strings. 

Collignon Coll. 

The head on this coin closely resembles the Apollo-head on the coins of Demetrius Poliorce- 
tes, and the Megarians may have copied or closely imitated that monarch's coin in gratitude for 
his presenting the city with its freedom, which he did in 307 B. C, when he saw that his own 
fall was imminent. 



AEGINA. 

Some ancient writers credited the first issue of coins to King Pheidon, of Argos, from a mint 
in Aegina. And there have been modern writers to argue that the -tradition is correct. But it is 
now generally agreed that the tradition erroneously reports the mere fact that the first European 
coins were struck in Aegina. The date of this important event cannot be ascertained, but it is 
probably not much later than B. C. 700, the date generally accepted for the beginning of coinage 
in Lydia. For the same process of evolution of the coin from the stamped ingot of commerce was 
in progress at the same time in several commercial centres. 

The standard of Aegina was a Stater of 194 grains, the drachm weighing 97 grains. The 
Aeginetans enjoyed a decided commercial advantage because of their location and early became 
known as the hucksters of Greece. Whether because of their wide-spread commerce or because 
theirs was the first purely silver standard, their heavy coinage standard was adopted in numerous 
countries. 

Early Seventh Century. 

189 ■#*-• Stater ; 12.22 gr. ; 13 x 25 mm. Obv. Sea-turtle with plain carapace. 
Rev. Incuse square divided by broad bands into compartments. 

H. Chapman. 

This piece not improbably affords a very good notion of the form of commercial ingot that 
just preceded the perfected coin. 

Early Sixth Century. 

190 ^R. Stater ; 12.19 \gr. ; 20.5 mm. Obv. Sea-turtle with plain carapace. 
Rev. Incuse square divided by broad bands into five compartments. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 55 

Circ. B. C. 404-350. 

J9 1 ^R. Stater ; 12.21 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Land-tortoise, with structure of 
shell-plates fully indicated. 

Rev. Incuse square divided into eight compartments. 

From 456 B. C. till after 404 Aegina was tributary to Athens, the population having been 
driven out and the place occupied by Athenians. The local coinage was suspended as in other 
Athenian dependencies. And when it was resumed for some reason the land-tortoise took the 
place of the long-used sea-turtle. 



CORINTHIA. 

Corinth had, in its location on the isthmus connecting the Peloponnesus with the mainland 
of Greece, one of the most favorable commercial positions of all the Greek states. Much of the 
trade between the East and West passed across the Isthmus. Thus Corinth, along with Aegina, 
Megara, Chalcis, and Eretria became the great commercial cities before and following the Trojan 
War. Corcyra and Syracuse were among the many flourishing colonies Corinth established in the 
eighth and seventh centuries. 

In the middle of the seventh century and following the expulsion of the dynasty of the 
Bacchiades, Cypselus established a new dynasty at Corinth. This enlightened prince put new 
life into Corinthian industry, especially the ceramic arts, and made the city in other ways worthy 
its wealth and commercial position. His son and successor Periander (B. C. 629-585) seems to 
have followed the course of his father, and Corinth became even greater and her colonies more 
numerous. But his rule was harsh aud the dynasty ended in the expulsion of his nephew Psam- 
metichus after a brief reign. 

Coinage of money was probably introduced at Corinth by Cypselus. The standard was the 
light Babylonic, the Stater of 130 grains being divided into three drachms of 43% grains each. 

Time of Periander, B. 0. 629-585. 

192 JR. Stater ; 8.36 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. ? Pegasus flying L, bridled, and 
with curled wings. 

Rev. Incuse square, so divided as to resemble a swastika. 

With the golden bridle given him by Athena Bellerophon subdued the marvellous Pegasus, 
the stroke of whose hoofs brought forth the gushing spring. Pegasus was recognized as the badge 
or irapaaruwv of Corinth long before the city issued coins. From the types the Staters of Corinth 
were known everywhere as " colts ". 



Circ. B. c. 

J93 JR. Trihemidrachm ; 4-H yr. ; 18 mm. Obv. 9 Bellerophon, wearing 
petasus and chlamys, riding Pegasus flying 1. 

Rev. \ Chimaera 1. ; below, A I and an amphora across the exergual line. 

Mathey Coll. 

One of the exploits of Bellerophon was the slaying of the Chimaera, the fire-breathing mon- 
ster that ravaged Lycia. 



56 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

PELOPONNESUS. 

PHLIASIA. 
Phlius was an independent city in the northern part of Peloponnesus, mentioned by Homer 
under its earlier name of Araethyrea. Its ancient aristocracy was supplanted by a democracy about 
393 B. C. but restored in 379 by Agesilaus. As in the Peloponnesian "War so in the Theban 
War the Phliasians were faithful to Sparta. 

B. C. 430-370. 

J94 7R. Euboic Tetrobol ; 5.76 gr.; 23 mm. <t>AEIA (in exergue}. Bull stand- 
ing r., with head lowered and pawing earth. 

Rev. ^ION Wheel in incuse square, in angles of which are the letters of the in- 
scription. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

B. C. 370-328. 

J95 M. Aeginetic Hemidrachm ; 2.79 gr. ; 16 mm. Obv. Bull standing 1., and 
pawing the ground. 

Rev. \ <t> in ivy-wreath. 

Spink $■ Son. 

The bull is probably the river-god Asopus, the river on which Phlius was situated. 



SICYONIA. 

Sicyon, situated on the Corinthian Gulf, was one of the oldest cities of the Peloponnesus. 
It was a commercial city of great wealth, but also an art centre of importance in painting and 
sculpture. The city could hardly have struck coins until after the Persian Wars. This tardiness 
was probably due to the fact that its needs were amply supplied by the extensive coinage of 
Corinth and of other great commercial states. 

B. C. 400-323. 

J96 M. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.15 gr.; 24.5 mm. Obv. tE Chimaera walking 
1. ; above, wreath. 

Rev. f Dove flying 1. within laurel wreath ; in front, I. 

The dove may be that of Aphrodite, who had a temple near Sicyon ; or it may refer to the 
fact that doves in great numbers were found in Sicyonia. 



ELIS. 

Elis is known in Greek history almost solely for its connection with the Olympian games, of 
which it acquired the undisputed presidency after silencing the claims of her neighbor Pisa at a 
very early period. The origin of the games celebrated in honor of Zeus whose temple was at 
Olympia, not far from Pisa, was attributed to the race between Oenomaus and the stranger Pelops, 
who must conquer the king of Pisa in a chariot race in order to win his daughter Hippodamia. 
Whatever their origin the Olympian games grew into favor among the Greeks everywhere, and 
the festival grounds at Olympia became a pan-Greek meeting-place, a religious center, too, where 
the feelings engendered by quarrels and wars between cities were for the time at least laid aside. 



Catalogue of Greek. Coins 57 

Among the numerous duties and privileges involved in the administration of the games was 
that of providing a supply of money for the convenience of the thousands who assembled from 
the whole of the Greek world to witness them. And the silver coins Elis struck for these quad- 
rennial occasions rank among the most beautiful and interesting of the coins of Greece proper. 
The eagle and the thunderbolt of Olympian Zeus, to whom the land of Elis was sacred and in 
M-hose honor the games were held, form the most common types of the series. But Nike also 
occurs frequently in the types and in numerous attitudes of proffering the victor's crown, thus 
making a more direct allusion to the games, so that these coins became interesting mementos of 
their attendance at the games to the Greeks who had come from Ionia, Sicily, or other distant 
outposts of the Greek world. 

Owe. B. 0. 471-421. 

197 &. Aeginetic Stater ; 1141 gr. ; 21 x 31.5 mm. Obv. Zeus seated 1. on 
a rock, himation on 1. leg, sceptre across 1. shoulder, an eagle perched on r. hand. 

Rev. f F[AA] Eagle flying 1. with serpent in beak and claws, in incuse square. 

Sir E. Weber Coll. 

J98 ^R-. Aeginetic Stater ; 11. jG gr.; 25 mm. Obv. Eagle flying r. with hare 
in claws. 

Rev. \ F[A] Nike, in long chiton, seated 1. on a scippus, on which her 1. hand 
rests, a wreath in r. ; the whole in incuse square. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

199 &- Aeginetic Stater : 11.83 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Eagle flying r. with hare 
in claws. 

Rev. I [F]A Nike, in long chiton, running 1., carrying the victor's wreath in r. 
hand, peplos on 1. arm ; in front, eva (retrograde); the whole in incuse square. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

200 ^. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.08 gr.; 2^- mm. Obv. Eagle flying 1., struggling 
with serpent it carries in beak and claws. 

Rev. \ F — A Winged thunderbolt in square of dotted lines; the whole in in- 
cuse square. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

These types are closely associated with the games. The eagle of Zeus with prey— serpent, 
hare, or fawn — was a good omen. When Zeus would assure the Greeks before Troy of his pro- 
tection he sent his eagle with a fawn in its claws, and the Greeks understood and took heart. So 
on the coins of Elis the eagle is an omen of victory to whomsoever Zeus favored. On two of the- 
above pieces we have the charming figure of Nike as a complementary type, offering the prize to 
the victor. 

No. 199 is signed by the artist, perhaps Euthymus, a name found on coins of Syracuse about 
B. C. 412-406. If the same artist signs both coins it is probable that he worked at Elis before he 
went to Syracuse, as the coins he made at the latter place are of later style. 

201 ^. Aeginetic Stater; 11.98 gr.; 24.5 mm. Obv. F — A Head of nymph 
Olympia r., with hair in sphendone., and earring of four pearls suspended from calyx. 

Rev. -~+ Eagle standing 1., with closed wings and head turned back, in olive wreath. 

Philipgen Coll. 

It has been suggested that the people of Elis meant to assert more strongly, for some special 
reason perhaps, their right to the presidency of the games, hence the head of the nymph Olympia 
on their coins. 



58 Catalogue or Greek Coins 

B. C. 400-365. 

202 JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.94- gr.\ '24 mm. Obv. FAAEIftN Head of Hera 
v., wearing high Stephanos bearing the inscription, necklace, and earring composed of 
three pendants and four pearls. 

Rev. f Eagle standing 1. on shield, with wings open, the head turned hack, in 
olive wreath. 

Merzbacher Qoll. 

203 Si. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.07 gr. ; 26.5 mm. Obv. F — A Head of Hera i\, 
wearing Stephanos adorned with floral ornament, and earring of five pearls attached to 
a calyx; above, H[PA]. 

Rev. \ Eagle standing 1., with head turned back, in olive wreath. 

Hirsch. 

The head of Hera on these two coins probably shows some influence of the colossal statue 
of the goddess Polyclitus made for Argos. The high Stephanos is differently and appropriately 
adorned on the coins. In other respects the type is doubtless quite different from the statue, still 
it is probable that the engraver was in a measure influenced by the work of the greater artist. 

B. 0. 365-323. 

204 JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.98 gr.; 24-5 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus laureate, r. 
Rev. \ F — A Eagle perched on ram's head r., with closed wings ; in field, A — P. 
Hirsch. 

205 JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.76 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate, r. 
Rev. \ F — A Eagle standing r., with closed wing, the tail of a serpent caught 

in 1. claw; the serpent rises before eagle threateningly; in field, 1., thunderbolt; H be- 
tween eagle and serpent. 
Spink $■ Son. 

206 JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.11 gr.; 25.5 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate, r. 
Rev. *v F — A Eagle standing r., with closed wings ; in field, 1., thunderbolt ; r., 

wreath and API. 

Benson Coll. 

In this period the fine head of Olympian Zeus and the still finer head of Hera appear on the 
coins of Elis. But contrary to what one might reasonably expect the engraver of the coin made 
no use of the famous chryselephantine statue by Phidias in the temple at Olympia. The concep- 
tion seems new and plainly influenced later engravers. 

Zacynthus, not far off the coast of Elis, was a part of the ancient kingdom of Ulysses, whose 
home was on the neighboring island of Ithaca. Owing to its position near the entrance to the 
Gulf of Corinth the islanders acquired great wealth from commerce. In the eighth century the 
Zacynthians established a number of colonies, best known of which was Croton in Magna Graecia. 

Circ. B. C. 370-350. 

207 JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.12 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, laureate, 
r., with long hair falling on neck. 

Rev. / AIQ NO§ Lebes-tripod with three rings; between the feet, I A. 
Hirsch. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 59 

Probably struck by Dion, who having been banished from Syracuse by Dionysius made 
Zacynthus the rendezvous of the forces he was collecting in Greece for an expedition against that 
incapable tyrant. The coins were struck with Dion named as magistrate to defray the expenses 
of the enterprize. 

The cult of Apollo was supreme at Zacynthus as at the colony of Croton. 



MESSENIA. 

Messene was one of the few ancient cities whose origin was not shrouded in myth and pre- 
historic uncertainty. When the defeat and death of the Spartan king Cleombrotos at the hands 
of Epaminondas occurred in B. C. 379 at Leuctra the hegemony of Greece passed to Thebes. 
Messenia was freed from Sparta after three centuries. To secure a strong ally on the very border 
of Sparta, Epaminondas appealed to Messenians everywhere to return to the land of their ances- 
tors, built and fortified the town of Messene at the foot of Mt. Ithome in less than three months, 
and with magnificent pomp the repatriated Messenians entered the new walls. 

208 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.79 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Demeter r., 
crowned with cereal leaves. 

Rev. | MESSANIftN Zeus Ithomatas striding r., striking with thunderbolt, eagle 
perched on r. hand ; in field, 1., ni in wreath ; to r., tripod and above, sn. 

Sir E. Weber Coll. 

Demeter and Zeus had temples on Mt. Ithome. The head of Zeus may reflect something of 
the statue made for the Messenians living at Xaupactus by Ageladas of Argos, the reputed teacher 
of Phidias. 



LACONIA. 

Lacedaemon, the capital of Laconia, had the usual exalted origin boasted of by most Greek 
cities, having been built by Eacedaemon, son of Zeus, who also discreetly named the city in honor 
of his wife Sparta. "When a divided kingship had brought the state into trouble it fell to Lycur- 
gus. in the early part of the ninth century, to rewrite the laws and reorganize the government. 
From that time till the battle of Leuctra Sparta was a power in Hellas. In the arts of civilization 
the country was backward, and gave very few names of importance to the lists of Greek artists 
and literateurs. 

There is doubtless some truth in the story that iron was employed for monetary purposes at 
an early period and was mentioned in the legislation of Lycurgus ; but no iron coins, rather iron 
money, have come down to us, unless the iron dbeliskm, small iron rods, found in the excavations 
of the Heraeum at Argos are examples. Sparta struck no coins until after the time of Alexander. 

King Areus, B. 0. 310-266. 

209 I&. Attic Tetradrachm : 16.27 gr. ; 29 mm. Obv. Head of Areus, dia- 
demed, 1. : around, circle of dots. 

Rev. | A A Archaic statue of Amyclaean Apollo standing to front, with head 
turned r., wearing helmet, spear in r. and bow in 1. hand ; in field, I., wreath; to r., 
goat ; around, circle of dots. 



60 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

This piece probably is earlier than B. C. 306, else Areus would most certainly have used the 

title /3a<riXei/s. 

The archaic statue or agalma of Apollo, represented on the reverse, corresponds rather accu- 
rately to the one described by Pausanias as seen at Amyclae, some thirty miles from Lacedaemon, 
where there was a shrine of that god. It was a mere wooden trunk " with a helmet on his head, a 
spear and bow in his hands ". 

B. C. 266-207. 

210 jR. Rhodian ? Tetradrachm ; 1^.72 gr.\ 28 mm. Obv. Head of Athena r., 
in crested Corinthian helmet ; border of dots. 

Rev. f A A Heracles seated 1. on a rock, over which lion's skin is thrown, hold- 
ing club with r. hand, the 1. resting on the rock ; border of dots. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 



AKGOLIS. 

Argos belonged to the ancient kingdom of Agamemnon. After the Dorian invasion Argos 
became the center of a confederation of several cities under the protection of the Pythian Apollo 
whose shrine was on the citadel of Argos. Tradition credits the introduction of coinage into 
Europe to Phidon, king of Argos, in the last years of the eighth century. But he issued his first 
coins from Aegina, which was also under his scepter, and not from Argos, because the former 
was commercially important, while the latter was not. 

Politically Argos declined in the face of the steady rise of Sparta, but long retained consid- 
erable importance in alliance with Athens. In the sixth century Argos became one of the great 
art centers of Greece, the school of sculpture identified with it long exercising a great influence 
on the development of that art. 

Ore. B. C. 421-322. 

21 J 1&. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.16 gr.; 25 mm. Obv. Head of Hera r., wearing 
high Stephanos adorned with floral ornament and earring, the hair in waves on forehead. 

Rev. \ APTEION Two dolphins swimming in opposite directions; between 
them, bucranium with fillets. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

The fine head of Hera on this coin not unlikely preserves some of the high quality of the 
great statue of the Argive Hera executed by Polyclitus and described by Pausanias. 

Epidaurus was one of the Greek cities that lost ground in the changed conditions following 
the Persian Wars. Situated on the Saronic Gulf opposite Aegina it had in early times been a 
wealthy commercial city and the mother of several colonies. Later its greatest claim to consider- 
ation rested on its famous temple of Asklepios that stood on the supposed birthplace of the god 
a few miles out of the city. The cures of the physician-priests were sought by the afflicted from 
many countries, and the shrine acquired vast wealth. Gradually its treasures were stolen and 
finally Sulla appropriated the bulk of what remained to defray the expenses of his army. The 
temple, however, was in good state of preservation when visited by Pausanias. 






Catalogue of Greek Coins 61 

B. C. 350-323. 

212 ■#*-. Aeginetic Drachm ; ^.7-7 gr. ; 20 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, laureate, 
r. ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. / E Asklepios seated 1., holding sceptre with 1. hand, his r. extended, to 
which rises a serpent ; beneath throne, dog ; on side of throne, eiE. 



ARCADIA. 

Pheneus was situated in the northern part of Arcadia near the foot of Mount Cyllene. It 
was a very ancient town, mentioned by Homer, and apparently of considerable size and wealth in 
later times, but not much is known of the place. 

Oirc. B. O. 362 and later. 

213 ^~ Aeginetic Drachm ; 5.53 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Head of Demeter 1., 
crowned with cereal leaves, wearing earring composed of three pendants attached to a 
calyx. 

Rev. —* 4>ENEQN Hermes seated 1. on a rock, his chlamys thrown back, cadu- 
ceus in r. hand, the 1. resting on rock ; before, ghpi and recumbent ram. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

214 ^. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.12 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Head of Demeter r., 
crowned with grain-leaves, wearing necklace and earring composed of five pendants at- 
tached to a crescent swung from a disc set with four pearls. 

Rev. y 4> e N EQ N Hermes walking 1., wearing petasos and chlamys, with cadu- 
ceus in r. and carrying child Arkas in 1. 

Billoin Sale, 1886. 

There was a temple of Demeter at Pheneus, and Pausanias states that Hermes was specially 
worshipped there, facts that account for figures on these two coins. The reverse type of the 
latter relates to the rescue of Kallisto's child Arkas, son of Zeus, which he is carrying to the 
nymph Maia to be reared. 



CRETE. 

Cnossus, situated in the northern part of the island, is in process of being revealed as the 
seat of an earlier civilization than had hitherto been credited to the northern part of the Mediter- 
ranean Sea. The culture long designated Mycenaean was derived from Crete, and Cnossus was 
the principal center. It was the legendary capital of king Minos, the lawgiver of Crete ; and 
there was the storied labyrinth Minos had the first artificer Daedalus build in which to confine the 
monstrous offspring of Pasiphae's illicit love, the Minotaur. Although the cradle of a very ancient 
civilization, yet Crete issued no coins until after the time of the Persian Wars. 

B. a 500-400. 
215 S&. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.71 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. The Minotaur, with head 
of a bull and body of a man, running 1., a stone in each hand ; around, circle of dots. 



62 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Rev. Labyrinth in cruciform with maeander pattern, star in center and deep in- 
cuse at each corner. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

That moment of the Minotaur myth is here presented when the Athenian hero Theseus, 
with aid of the clew furnished him hy the princess Ariadne, enters the Labyrinth to slay the 
monster and free Athens from the tribute of youths and maidens annually furnished to feed him. 
The Minotaur meets Theseus armed with rocks. The representation of the Minotaur points to 
the influence of Egyptian art. 

Ore. B. C. 350-200. 

216 ZR. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.13 gr. ; 25.5 mm. Obv. Head of Hera 1., wear- 
ing high Stephanos with floral ornament, earring, and necklace. 

Rev. \ KNQSIQN Square labyrinth ; 1., spear-head ; r., thunderbolt, and above, 
P ; around, circle of dots. 

Philipsen Coll. 

Giro. B. C. 200-67. 

2t7 ZR. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.89 gr. ; 30 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, diademed, 
r. ; beneath, A. 

Rev. KN — Q.t I — QN Square labyrinth. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

Crete was the birthplace of Zeus ; and at Cnossus there was an annual festival to celebrate 
the marriage of Zeus and Hera ; hence the types of these coins. 

Cydonia in the northwestern part of Crete was one of the most powerful cities of the island. 
Its foundation is variously credited by ancient writers to Kydon and to Samians expelled by Poly- 
crates. The city withstood the attack of Cnossus and Gortyna when they had reduced almost all 
the rest of the island. 

B* C. 200-67. 

218 M. Attic Tetradrachm ; 13.93 gr. ; 29.5 mm. Obv. Head of Diktynna r., 
with bow and quiver on shoulder ; in field, HAsniN ; on border, circle of dots. 

Rev. / KYAQNIATAN Diktynna standing to front, in hunting costume, holding 
long torch in 1. hand ; on left, hound seated r. and looking up at nymph ; on border, 
olive-wreath. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

The legend of Britomartis, daughter of Zeus and Charm e and called Diktynna after she had 
leaped into the sea to escape the pursuit of king Minos and was rescued in the fishing-nets (Sk-rua), 
associated the nymph with Artemis and finally assimilated her with the huntress. So on the coins 
of Cydonia Diktynna appears in the usual guise of Artemis. 

Eleuthernae was an important city situated in the interior of the island, on the northwestern 
slope of Mt. Ida, where fable established the birthplace of Zeus. Very little is recorded of the 
city by the ancient writers, but the place seems to have been prosperous and of considerable im- 
portance. 

Circ. B. C. 431-300. 

219 ZR. Aeginetic Stater ; 10.80 gr. ; 27.5 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate, 
r. ; around, circle of dots. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 63 

Rev. \ EAEY0EP Apollo, naked, standing to front, with rock in r. hand and 
bow in 1. 

The cult of Apollo was second only to that of Zeus in Crete. Game was abundant in the 
island and hunting was a favorite pastime. It is Apollo as the patron of hunters this coin-type 
presents. 

Gortyna, situated in the south central part of Crete, was a rival of Cnossus in wealth and 
power. It was a prosperous place in the time of Homer, who mentions its mighty walls : Tbprwa 
re Teix^eo-o-av. Gortyna and Cnossus at one time shared the dominion of practically the whole 
island, but subsequently they became hostile toward each other. 

Circ. B. C. 400-300. 

220 ift. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.57 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Europa, nude down to 
waist, seated r. in a tree, her r. hand resting on a bough, with 1. raising corner of peplos. 

Rev. \ Bull standing r. with head turned back. 

The abduction of Europa, the Phoenician princess, by Zeus in form of a bull was for over a 
century the chief subject of Gortynian coin-types. The abandoned maid, seated in a plane-tree, 
in numerous variations of pose, and the tauriform Zeus are the subjects of these types. Very 
unusual on Greek coins is the realism found here. A similar touch is seen in the pile of rocks on 
which Apollo is resting, on the following piece. 

B. C. "200-67. 

221 iR. Attic Drachm; 4-J/-5 gr.; 21 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, diademed, r. 
Rev. f TOPTYNIQN Apollo, naked, seated 1. on a rock, over which is thrown a 

skin, his r. hand resting upon r. knee, his 1. holding bow resting on rock ; around, cir- 
cle of dots. 

Collignon Coll. 

Itanus was probably located near the promontory of the same name. Little is known of the 
place, which seems to have originated as a Phoenician factory town. And such an origin is sug- 
gested by the type of these coins, the monster on the obverse suggesting a Syrian divinity. 

B. C. 450-350. 

222 ^-. Aeginetic Stater ; 10.85 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Triton, half-man, half-fish, 
swimming r., striking downwards with trident held in r. hand ; in 1., net-cable. 

Rev. Large eight-pointed star, with wreath on border. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

223 ^R. Aeginetic Stater ; 10.93 gr.; 26 mm. Obv. Triton, half-man, half-fish, 
swimming r., striking downwards with trident, conch-shell in 1. hand. 

Rev. ] ITA Two sea-monsters face to face in a square of dots. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

The myth of Triton, son of Neptune and Amphitrite, or of Glaucos, whichever is meant by 
the type of these rare coins, was naturally connected with the sea, and on the coins of Itanus ap- 
parently relates to the city's foundation by the sea-faring Phoenicians. 

Phaestus, situated about five miles from the coast, was one of the very ancient of Cretan 
towns. King Minos is mentioned as its legendary founder ; but also Phaestus, son of Heracles, 



64 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

from whom the town was said to have been named. Phaestus is mentioned by Homer in the 
Catalogue of Ships. It was the birthplace of the marvelous Epimenides, the story of whose fifty- 
year sleep and awakening may have been the remote original of Irving's Rip Van Winkle tale. 

B. 0. 430-300. 

224 St. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.95 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Heracles attacking the 
Hydra, his lion's skin across 1. arm, seizing a head of the monster with 1. and swinging 
club with r. 

Rev. \ <}>AI§TIQN. Bull standing r. 

Polyrrhenium was situated on the northwest coast and its territory included all the western 
coast of the island. The town had long been a subject ally of Cnossus, but during the civil wars 
in Crete, in latter part of the third century, it took sides against Cnossus. Strabo mentions a tem- 
ple of Dictynna, the Cretan Artemis. 

B. C. 330-280. 

225 St. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.66 gr. ; 26.5 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate, r. 
Rev. TOAYPH — NIQN Bull's head facing, with fillets hanging from the horns; 

above, xapisgenhs, magistrate's name ; on border, circle of dots. 
Consul Weber Coll. 



was situated in the eastern part of Crete, its territory extending across from sea to 
sea. In the territory of Praesus stood Mt. Dicte and the famous temple of Zeus Dictaeus. For 
it was on Mt. Dicte that legend had Zeus rest from all his labors both on earth and in the realm 
of the gods. Little has come down to us of the commercial and political importance of Praesus. 

Circ. B. C. 450-400. 

226 St. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.15 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Bowman kneeling r. on 1. 
knee, shooting ; his chlamys thrown across 1. arm and flying behind. 

Rev. \ (No inscription). Eagle flying 1., in linear square ; the whole in incuse 
square. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 



CYCLADES. 

Ceos. Carthaea, situated on the southeastern coast of the island, was one of the three cities 
of Ceos. The island was fertile and besides had silver mines of some value as a source of wealth. 
The island's best claim to fame is as the birthplace of the poets Simonides and Bacchylides. 

Sixth Century. 
227 St. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.35 gr.; 20mm. Obv. Amphora and beside it, a 
dolphin. 

Rev. Incuse square, divided into four triangular compartments. 

Melos, perhaps best known in modern times from the famous statue of Aphrodite found 
there, was first colonized by Phoenicians. After the Dorian invasion Lacedaemonians settled on 
the island and the population was Hellenized in a manner. Yet certain Phoenician elements en- 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 65 

dured for a long period. Thus the coinage standard became Phoenician, whilst the rest of the 
Cyclades employed the Aeginetic standard. Also the Phoenician forms of the letters M (M/) and 
O (C) were preserved. 

Sixth Century. 

228 ^R. Phoenician Stater ; 13.75 gr. ; 23.5 mm. Obv. Pomegranate with 
leaves. 

Rev. I AA/AAICN (MaXtW) . Crescent; border of dots. 

Hirsch. 

The pomegranate fxfjXov, Doric fj.s.\ov, is a type parlant relating to the name of the island. 

Naxos was the gem of the Cyclades, but civil discord in early times hampered its prosperity. 
The ancient oligarchic government was overthrown and succeeded by a tyranny headed by Lygda- 
mis. After Lygdamis had been twice expelled and each time restored with the aid of Pisistratus 
of Athens, the nobles appealed to the Persians. The fleet of the latter invaded the island, when 
on its way to Greece in B. C. 490, and destroyed the city of Naxos. But after the defeat at Mar- 
athon the Athenians obtained control of Naxos and held the place until the close of the Pelopon- 
nesian "War. Naxos was famous in antiquity for its wines and its marbles. It was one of the 
very early art-centers of the Greeks, especially of sculpture. 

B. C. 600-490. 

229 &• Aeginetic Stater ; 11.98 gr.; 21.5mm. Obv. Cantharus, with clusters 
of grapes hanging from handles ; above, ivy-leaf. 

Rev. Quadripartite incuse square. 
H. Chapman. 

The type of the Dionysiac cantharus with its clusters of grapes and the ivy relate to the cult 
of the wine-god. 

Paros lies west of Naxos, from which it is separated only by a channel. The island was first 
settled by Cretans and Achaeans. The Parians refused to assist the Greeks at Salamis, being of- 
fended at Athens because, following Marathon, Miltiades had besieged them for three weeks in 
an effort to subjugate them. Themistocles imposed a heavy fine upon them and they were forced 
into the Delian League. The marble of Paros was famous, specially pleasing to the gods, says 
Plato in the Laws. It was there the famous Parian Chronicle was found, embracing events of 
Athenian history for thirteen centuries. Paros was the birthplace of the poet Archilochus. 

230 1BL. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 1^.92 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Dionysus 
r., crowned with ivy. 

Rev. TAPIQN Demeter, crowned with cereal leaves, seated 1. on cista, in long 
chiton, her peplos round her legs ; in r. hand, two ears of corn ; in 1., her sceptre ; in 
field, r., SIAHNOS. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

Seriphus was a rocky island of little importance except for being the scene of a part of the 
myth of Perseus and Danae. The Seriphians seem to have been the subject of many a Greek 
joke. 

Sixth Century. 

23 J JR. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.26 gr. ; 18.5 mm. Obv. Frog. 



66 Catalogue oe Greek Coins 

Rev. Incuse square, divided into triangular compartments. 

H. Chapman. 

There was a legend that the frogs of Seriphus were mute until transported elsewhere, hence 
the proverb Bdrpaxos £k Xepltpov, said of a dull and silent person who on occasion became loquacious. 
But the frog was sacred to Apollo, hence the type of this rare early coin. 

Thera was first colonized by Phoenicians, later by Dorians from Lacedaemon following the 
Dorian invasion. The latter were led by Theras who gave his own name to the island. Com- 
pelled by volcanic disturbances to seek a home on a better soil some of the people emigrated and 
founded Cyrene. The island is now called Santorin, and is interesting to numismatists for the 
discovery there in 1821 of a hoard of 760 Greek coins of the seventh and sixth centuries. 

Sixth Century. 
232 -#*-. Aeginetic Stater ; 12 3 If. gr. ; 20 mm. Obv. Two dolphins swimming in 
opposite directions. 

Rev. Incuse square, divided by bands into eight triangular compartments. 

The attribution of this coin is not certain. It may belong to Argos, but similar pieces were 
in the Santorin find and dolphin-types are found among the later inscribed coins of Thera. 



ASIA. 
PONTUS. 

Mithradates VI, Eupator, the Great, B. C. 120-63. 

Within a few years after his accession this virile warrior and gifted king had extended the 
comparatively small kingdom he had inherited into a vast empire. The Colchians, Cappadocia, 
Paphlagonia. Armenia. Bithynia, were in one way or another brought under his scepter. In his 
long struggle with Rome he inflicted repeated defeats upon the armies of that great power till 
finally his armies, a mere shadow of their former greatness, were in B. C. 66 defeated by Pompey. 
During that long struggle with Borne Mithradates had won the sympathies of all the peoples of 
Asia Minor, an attitude manifested in B. C. 88 when all Eoman citizens were expelled from that 
region and from the neighboring islands by his orders and over 80,000 were massacred by the in- 
habitants before they could get away. 

Cicero probably states the Boman opinion when he calls Mithradates the greatest king since 
Alexander the Great and the greatest general with whom Bomans had ever dealt. Yet, later, 
after having been deprived of his army through the treachery of his own son, he committed sui- 
cide to escape capture by the Bomans. 

233 Si. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.90 gr.; 3%J5 mm. Obv. Head of Mithradates, 
with, short beard, diademed, r. 

Rev. ? BASIAEQS | MI0PAAATOY | EYTTATOPOS Pegasus standing 1. drink- 
ing, the r. foreleg raised ; in field, 1., star and crescent; to r., H? (=year 208), and 
monogram, ^ ; beneath inscription, H (= VIII month') ; on border, ivy-wreath. 

CHagen Coll. Cf. Waddington, II, 6. 

234 S. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.63 gr. ; 32 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. | Similar to preceding, but in inscription ; dated 0^ (= 209) ; mono- 
gram, X- 

Waddington, II, 9. 

235 S. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.51 gr.; 32 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. | Similar to preceding, but undated ; behind Pegasus |, monogram of Arch- 

elaus (?). 

Paris, 1910. 

This undated coin may have been struck at Athens in B. C. 88 when the Athenians had 
appealed to Mithradates for help against the Bomans. Archelaus was in command of the king's 
forces in Greece and took possession of Athens. 

236 S. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.61 gr. ; 32 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. \ Inscription as on No. 233, but with ; stag standing 1., grazing ; in field, 

1., star and crescent, and % ; to r., |~K§ (= year 223) and ff£ ; beneath inscription, I 
(= X month). 

Lambros Coll. 



68 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

237 &. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.75 gr. ; 33 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. / Similar to No. 233, but dated AK§ (= year 221f), and beneath inscrip- 
tion, I A (XI month'). 

Butler Coll. 

Nos. 233 and 234 are dated in the Bithynian era which began in B. C. 297, so that the coins 
were struck in B. C. 89 and 88 respectively, while Nos. 236 and 237 were struck in B. C. 74 and 73. 
The portrait on the earlier pieces is without doubt a very faithful likeness of the king. It is 
strong and virile, whilst that on the latter betrays some flattery at the hands of the artist. 

The Pegasus on the reverse of the earlier coins relates to Perseus, the Greek counterpart of 
the Persian Mithras, from whom, through the royal Persian house, Mithradates claimed descent. 
The star (or sun) and crescent are symbols of the same descent. On the later coins the Pegasus 
has given way to a stag, alluding, perhaps, to the king's fondness for the chase. 

Pergamene Era, B. C. 89- . 
At the height of his power Mithradates seems to have issued coins dated in a new era and 
from the mint at Pergamum. 

238 ^. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.35 gr. ; 35 mm. Obv. Head of Mithradates, 
diademed, r. 

Rev. f BASIAEQS | MIT0PAAATOY | EYTTATOPOY Pegasus standing 1., drink- 
ing, the r. foreleg raised; in field, 1., star and crescent; to r., B (= year 2~), and [A] K. 
Butler Coll. 



PAPHLAGONIA. 

Arnastris, situate on a small peninsula in the Euxine, was founded by a princess of the royal 
Persian House named Arnastris. She had become the wife of Dionysius, tyrant of Heracleia, after 
the death of Alexander the Great, and still later the wife of Lysimachus. The younger Pliny 
found the city charming in his days — civitas elegans et ornata, Ep. X, 90 — a bit of public works 
there forming the subject of one of his pestiferous letters to Trajan. 

B. C. 300- . 

239 ^- Persic Stater ; 9.65 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Head of Mithras r., in Phry- 
gian helmet bound with laurel-wreath and ornamented with star ; on border, circle of 
dots. 

Rev. J AMASTPIEQN The Tyche of Arnastris seated 1. on a throne, wearing 
veil, calathos, peplos, and chiton ; in r. hand, Nike r. bestowing crown upon her ; in 1., 
sceptre ; in front, bud ; beneath throne, A. 

Eirsch XXV, 1663. 

The head of Mithras relates, of course, to the Koyal House of Persia, whilst the reverse type 
does honor to the foundress in an indirect way. 

Sinope had a purely commercial origin, for Milesians built the place in connection with their 
trade to the Euxine. But there was the usual legend of a divine or heroic foundation myth cred- 
iting it to Sinope, daughter of Asopus, whom Apollo carried off from Boeotia to the coast of 
Euxine. After the fall of Persia the city became the capital of the Pontic kings and, favored by 
Mithradates VI because it was his birthplace, Sinope became eventually a large and prosperous city. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 69 

Qirc. B. C. 220-180. 

240 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.97 gr. ; 29 mm. Obv. Head of nymph Sinope 
."., wearing turret-crown, earring, and necklace with pendants. 

Rev. | 5INQTTEQN Apollo, nude, seated r. on an omphalos, holding lyre in 1. 
ind plectrum in r. hand ; in field, A | M | A (reading i 



BITHYNIA. 

Calchedon, situate on the Bosporus nearly opposite Byzantium, was a Megarian colony. The 
Persian satrap Megabyzus is said to have called it the City of the Blind because they had not seen 
hat the site of Byzantium, founded later, was superior to the one they had selected. The city 
vas under the hegemony of Athens after Cimon had driven the Persians from Thrace and so re- 
named till B. C. 413, thereafter being under domination of, or against, Sparta, according to cir- 



The modern form of the name is Chalcedon, but ancient writers spell it Calchedon, the form 
tlso found on the coins. 

B. a 400-300. 

241 ^R- Persic Stater ; 15.07 gr. ; 2^.5 mm. Obv. KAAX Bull standing 1. on 
lead of barley. 

Rev. Incuse square of four compartments with granulated surfaces. 
H. Chapman. 

The coin-types of Calchedon and Byzantium in this period are very similar, the Byzantian 
mil standing on a dolphin instead of a barley-head. Apparently there was a monetary agreement 
tetween the two cities. 

Kings of Bithynia. 

Prusias J, B. C. 238-183. 

Bithynia reached the zenith of its greatness under this able monarch and his son Prusias II. 
Polybius relates with evident admiration the former's campaigns against the Gaulish invaders, 
vhom he cleared out of Troas and away from the cities along the Hellespont (Hist. V, 111). Ac- 
lording to Strabo Hannibal took refuge with Prusias I, probably when the Romans were demand- 
ng his surrender from Antiochus III. 

242 ^-. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.92 gr.; 32 mm. Obv. Bearded head of Pru- 
;ias, diademed, r. 

Rev. | BASIAEQS — TTPOYSIOY Zeus, with himation thrown back across 1. 
.houlder, standing to front, crowning the name of the king, his sceptre held in 1. hand ; 
n field, 1., thunderbolt, (^, and A^ 1 - 

H. Chapman. Waddington, PI. XXIX, 10. 

The type of Zeus crowning the royal name probably relates to the victory over the Gauls, 
>f which the king was very proud. 



70 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Prusias II, B. C. 183-149. 
243 Si. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.90 gr. ; 36 mm. Obv. Bearded head of the 
king, diademed, r. 

Rev. | Inscription and type similar to preceding; in field, 1., eagle on thunder- 
bolt, and |^. 

Coll. Waddington, 29, XXIX, 14. 



MYSIA. 

Cyzicus, situate on the south coast of the Propontis, was colonized by Megarians in the eighth 
century, and received an addition of Milesians early in the seventh century. The city was sub- 
ject to Lydia till the fall of Croesus in B. C. 546, to Persia till B. C. 478, and was a part of the 
Athenian empire till B. C. 405. Throughout its history, regardless of overlord, Cyzicus seems 
to have been a sort of commercial mint, striking coins in that aJloy which is known as electrum 
from its amber color. Gold brought from the Altai or Ural mountains was evidently deposited at 
Cyzicus for coinage in Cyzicene Staters or Cyzicenes, as they were generally known. While the 
Athenians held the Pangaean district in Thrace they sent the gold from their mines to Cyzicus, 
as Athens did not wish to strike gold and thus interfere with the wide circulation of her silver. 

At an early period Cyzicene Staters attained a wide use in commerce and along with the 
Persian pure gold Daric, first coined soon after the taking of Sardeis in B. C. 546, they made up 
the world's gold currency till both were superseded by the gold of Philip of Macedon. They are 
mentioned among the reserve funds of Athens repeatedly ; they frequently are listed among the 
possessions of individuals. When an agent of the Thirty went to the house of Lysias to secure 
the talent of silver the orator and shield manufacturer had offered as a bribe to spare his life he 
also took 400 Cyzicenes and 100 Darics. 

Circ. 500-450. 

244 El. Phoenician Hecte ; 2.81 gr. ; 12 mm. Obv. Head of Triton 1., with 
pointed beard, the hair of dotted lines falling on neck ; beneath, tunny-fish. 

Rev. Incuse square, of " mill-sail " pattern. 
Hirsch. 

245 El. Phoenician Hecte ; 2.69 gr. ; 13 mm. Obv. Nike ? running 1., with 
head turned back, wearing Stephanos, holding tunny-fish in r. hand, raising edge of 
chiton with 1. 

Rev. Incuse square, of "mill-sail" pattern. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

246 El. Phoenician Stater ; 15.87 gr. ; 18 mm. Obv. Youthful male head 1., 
with short hair ; beneath, tunny-fish. 

Rev. Incuse square, of " mill-sail " pattern. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

247 El. Phoenician Stater ; 16.17 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Head of lioness 1. ; to r., 
tunny-fish. 

Rev. Incuse square, of " mill-sail " pattern. 
Sebastopoulos Coll. 






Catalogue of Greek Coins 



71 



248 Phoenician Stater ; 16.29 gr. ; 20 mm. Obv. Dog standing 1., ready to at- 
tack ; beneath, tunny-fish. 

Rev. Incuse square, " mill-sail " pattern. 
Sebastopoulos Coll. 



Obv. Bearded satyr r., kneel- 
x cantharus ; beneath, tunny- 



20 mm. Obv. Bull walking 1. ; be- 



mm. Obv. Two eagles perched, 



Oirc. B. C. 450-400. 

249 El. Phoenician Stater ; 15.87 gr. ; 18 mm. 
ing on r. knee and drawing wine from an amphora into 
fish. 

Rev. Incuse square, " mill-sail " pattern. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

250 El. Phoenician Stater ; 16.03 gr. 
neath, tunny- fish. 

Rev. Incuse square, " mill-sail " pattern. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

251 El. Phoenician Stater ; 15.97 gr. 
facing each other, on netted omphalos ; beneath, tunny-fish. 

Rev. Incuse square, " mill-sail " pattern. 

Sir S. Weber Coll. 

At first the tunny-fish constituted the type of the coins of Cyzicus, later it became merely a 
symbol or mint-mark. The types of these fifth century and later coins, which are in great variety, 
have been explained as either magistrates' symbols or the badges of cities for which the Cyzicus 
mint struck coins. These Staters retained till the last their thick, lumpy fabric, the form in which 
they were best known and least apt to arouse suspicion of genuineness, but the types are often 
done in the finest artistic style. 

B. C. 330-280. 

252 SL Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 15.22 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. SQTEIPA Head of 
Kore Soteira 1., wearing cereal-wreath, a veil wound round hair, earring, and necklace. 

Rev. «— KYIIKHN ftN Lion's head 1. ; beneath, tunny-fish ; behind, pecten. 
Rhousopoulos Coll. 

253 •#*-• Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 13.28 gr.; 24 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. \ KY II Apollo, nude down to waist, seated 1. on netted omphalos, his 1. 

arm resting on large lyre, in r. a patera ; in field, 1., <g«. 

The splendid silver coins with the head of Core Soteira, or Persephone, were first struck soon 
after Conon's victory off Cnidus in B. C. 394, when Cyzicus was freed from the Spartan domi- 
nation. Legend had it that the abduction of Persephone occurred near Cyzicus, hence the type 
of our coin. 

Lampsacus, located on the Propontis, was one of several towns into which colonies of Mile- 
sians settled for the purposes of the great trade with the Euxine. The first coinage of the city 
dates from the end of the sixth century or, interestingly enough, from just about the time when 
an alliance between Hippias of Athens and Hippocles of Lampsacus was formed and cemented by 
the marriage of the daughter of the former with the son of the latter. After B. C. 394 Lampsa- 
cus began to coin gold Staters in great quantities, which, like the Cyzicene Staters, acquired a 
wide circulation. 



72 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Qirc. B. C. 500-450. 

254 El. Persic Stater ; 15.21 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Forepart of winged horse 1. ; 
beneath, I ; the whole in vine-wreath. 

Rev. Incuse square divided into four compartments, alternate compartments sunk. 
The winged horse is the well-known badge of Lampsacus. 

Qirc. B. C. 394-350. 

255 -A 7 . Persic Stater ; 8.43 gr. ; 18 mm. Obv. Bearded head of Zeus, laure- 
ate, 1. 

Rev. f Forepart of winged horse r., in incuse square. 
Allatini Coll. 

256 N. Persic Stater ; 8.4-7 gr. ; 18 mm. Obv. Head of Maenad 1., wearing 
ivy- wreath and diadem, necklace and earring. 

Rev. f Forepart of winged horse r., in incuse square. 

Hirsch, May, 1914. 

M. J. P. Six most ingeniously suggested that the Maenad head on this coin presents a por- 
trait of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great ; but the type was not an unusual one at 
Lampsacus. 

257 N. Persic Stater ; 8.39 gr. ; 19 mm. Obv. Female head 1., with hair in 
sakkos, wearing lotos-wreath and earring. 

Rev. v* Forepart of winged horse r. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

These gold Staters are struck on the standard of the Persian Daric, a fact indicative of the 
rapidly rising power of Persia following the fall of Athens. 

Pergamum was originally a natural fortress rising in the plain in the southern part of the 
country, and later became the citadel of the town that grew up about it. Because of its great 
natural strength Lysimachus chose Pergamum as a safe place to deposit his accumulation of 
treasure, said to have amounted to 9,000 talents, and placed Philetaerus, a eunuch of Tium, in 
charge. The latter, offended by the efforts of Arsinoe to prejudice her husband Lysimachus 
against him, withdrew his allegiance and declared himself independent, but apparently recognized 
Seleucus Mcator of Syria as his suzerain. The misfortunes of Lysimachus prevented his recover- 
ing Pergamum, and after a reign of twenty years Philetaerus transmitted the crown to his nephew, 
Eumenes I. 

Philetaerus, B. C. 284-263. 

258 M. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.86 gr. ; 29 mm. Obv. Head of Heracles, in 
lion's skin, r. 

Rev. \ 5EAEYKOY BASIAEQS Zeus aetephoros seated 1. on throne, holding scep- 
tre in r. hand ; in field, r., bust of Athena r. in crested Corinthian helmet ; beneath 
throne, crescent. 

Eumenes II, B. C. 197-159. 

259 &- Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.85 gr. ; 34 mm. Obv. Head of Philetaerus, 
laureate, r. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 73 

Rev. f <t>IAETAIPOY Athena seated 1., wearing crested Corinthian helmet, long 
chiton and peplos, crowning the name of Philetaerus ; she holds spear in 1. hand, the 
1. arm resting on shield, on which Gorgon head ; behind, bow ; in front, naval stand- 
ard, and A£. 

Sebastopoulos Coll. 

The founder of the kingdom was honored on coins of his successors down to Attalus II, 
whose nephew Attalus III bequeathed Pergamum to the Romans.. " 

Proconnesus was a small island in the Propontis. It was chiefly known for its fine marbles, 
from which its modern name Marmora is derived. 

B. C. 400- . 
260 &• Chian Drachm ; 2.53 gr. ; 13 mm. Obv. Head of Aphrodite L, wear- 
ing sphendone, earring, and necklace. 
Rev. / r PO KON Oenochoe 1. 

Allatini Coll. 



TROAS. 

Abydus, located on the Asiatic side of the Hellespont at its narrowest point, was a Milesian 
colony. Abydus and Sestos on the opposite shore are renowned, partly for the story of Hero and 
Leander, partly for being the place where Xerxes transported his vast army over a pontoon bridge 
into Europe. And numerous other armies have crossed the Hellespont at the same place. The 
city was burned by Darius on his return from Thrace; sacked after the Ionian Revolt ; then, 
after nearly a century of security and prosperity in the Athenian hegemony, fell into the hands 
of Sparta and became a naval base of that power. After the peace of Antalcidas in B. C. 387 
Abydus again became autonomous. After the defeat of Philip V (B. C. 196) the Romans granted 
freedom to Abydus and other cities of Asia Minor. 

Circ. B. C. 196- . 

26\ M. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.64 gr. ; 30.5 mm. Obv. Bust of Artemis r. 
wearing chiton, stephane, earring, and necklace ; over shoulder, bow and quiver ; 
around, circle of dots. 

Rev. \ ABY AH NQN Eagle standing r., with open wings; in front, bunch of 
grapes ; below, TAPMENHKOY ; the whole in laurel-wreath. 

262 1&. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.31 gr. ; 28.5 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. | Similar to preceding, but symbol, torch; beneath eagle, AIONV^IOY. 
Artemis had a temple at Abydus that seems to have had considerable fame. 

Tenedos, situate about five miles off the coast, is well known to everyone who has read the 
Aeneid of Vergil. The poet speaks of Tenedos as a prosperous place, dives opum, attributing, no 
doubt, to Homeric times the conditions in his own day. 

After B. C. 189. 

263 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.75 gr. ; 31 mm. Obv. Janiform head of male 
and female heads, the former laureate, the latter with stephane. 



74 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Rev. / TENEAIQN Double ax ; to 1. of handle, cluster of grapes and ^ ; to r., 
a right hand open ; around, laurel-wreath. 

Spink $ Son. 

The types of the coins of Tenedos remain an enigma today, just as they evidently were in 
the days of Aristotle, who tried to explain the battle-ax type. Many explanations of the Janiform 
head have been offered, but none is satisfactory. 



LESBOS. 

Methymna was in the northern part of the Island of Lesbos. It was friendly to Athens 
from an early time, and so was treated with great favor by the Delian League. The territory of 
Methymna produced the famous Lesbian wines. 

B. O. 500450. 

264 &. Euboic Stater ; 845 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. MA©VMNAI03 Boar stand- 
ing r., rubbing his snout on 1. leg. 

Rev. ^ Head of Athena r., wearing crested helmet with dotted spiral ornament, 
earring, and necklace, in square of dotted lines ; the whole in incuse square. 

H. Chapman. 

The Athena head may be due to the existence of the cult of that goddess at Methymna, but 
more likely to the close relations of the city with Athens. The significance of the boar is yet 
unexplained. 



IONIA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. 

Clazomenae stood on the coast west of Smyrna until the fall of Sardis, when, in fear of the 
Persians, a new city was built on the island a short distance off. Alexander the Great united the 
two places by a causeway and formed one city. Clazomenae was a commercial and industrial city 
of considerable importance, having been one of the three chief centers of the pottery industry 
among the Greek cities of Asia Minor. It was the birthplace of Anaxagoras the Philosopher, 
friend and intimate of Pericles and preceptor of Euripides. 

B. C. 387-301. 

265 -St. Attic Drachm ; 4-09 gr. ; 17 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, laureate, 
three-quarter face 1. 

Rev. | KA Swan, with open wings, standing 1. ; around, magistrate's name 
APOAAAS- 

Sangorsky Coll. 

The swan was sacred to Apollo and is here used as a symbol of the god. 

Ephesus, situate at the mouth of the Ca^'ster Eiver, was famous in antiquity because of its 
great shrine of Artemis. There was a legend that the city had been established by the Amazons, 
and certainly the myth of the Asiatic Amazons connected them with Ephesus and the Ephesian 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 75 

Artemis. This great shrine seems to have been venerated throughout Asia Minor, and was 
specially patronized by the kings of Lydia. A column presented by Croesus has in our time been 
found, inscribed with the king's name. Darius, too, when he conquered Asia Minor, showed the 
great fane special respect and treated Ephesus with marked kindness. Alexander the Great re- 
quested permission to rebuild the temple, which had been burned, at his own expense, if his own 
name be placed on it, but was refused. It was with the priests of the Ephesian Diana, led by 
Demetrius the image maker, that St. Paul had serious trouble. Ephesus refused to participate in 
the Ionian Revolt in B. C. 500-494 and so was spared the fate of Miletus and other cities. 

B. C. 394-295. 

266 &. Rhodian Tridrachm ; 11.19 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. E <t> Bee ; beneath, 
T E, signature of magistrate. 

Rev. \ §VN Infant Heracles kneeling r. on 1. knee and strangling two serpents. 

Sir E. Weber Coll. 

The myth represented by the reverse type of this coin is mentioned under No. 174. When 
the Athenian Conon in command of a fleet furnished him by the Persians had destroyed the 
Spartan fleet the Ionian cities began to throw off the Spartan yoke. For this purpose Ephesus, 
Rhodes, Cnidus, and others formed an alliance. They also struck coins with the common type of 
Heracles strangling the serpents, symbol of the struggle of freedom against tyranny, and with the 
legend SYX/tax'fo' (federal money) ; for the other type each city used its own historic arms. 

267 &■■ Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 15.29 gr. ; 25mm. Obv. E — * Bee; around, 
circle of dots. 

Rev. | Forepart of stag kneeling r. on r. knee ; behind, palm-tree ; in front, 
TTATKPATIAHS, name of magistrate; the whole in circular incuse. 

Bourgey. 

The bee and the stag were sacred to the Ephesian Artemis, even the High Priest of the 
shrine bearing the title "Eaa-nv, " King Bee ", while the priestesses were known as " honey-bees " 
or MA«r<rai. From earliest times the stag and the bee are found as coin types of Ephesus, sug- 
gesting that striking coins may have been practiced by priests in charge of the vast treasures of 
the temple before the city undertook to issue coins. 

Erythrae stood on the coast near the base of the peninsula that separated the gulfs of Smyrna 
and Ephesus. The city was subjugated by Lydia, falling under Persian domination after the 
defeat of Croesus. It participated in the Ionian Eevolt, for which it suffered severely, like the 
rest of the cities, after the disaster at Lade. Though located just opposite Chios, whose monetary 
standard was widely adopted, yet Erythrae never used that standard till the fourth century. 

Fourth Century. 

268 3L. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; llf.35 gr.\ 2^ mm. Obv. Head of Heracles r., 
in lion's skin. 

Rev. s EPY Club and bow in ornamented case; between them, reading up- 
wards, A I Or EI4>H5 ; in field, 1., owl. 
H. Chapman. 
There was a temple of Heracles at Erythrae, which accounts for these types. 

Magnesia ad Maeandrum, so designated to distinguish it from the Magnesia near Mount 
Sipylus, was colonized by people from Magnetes in Thessaly. It was situated not far from Mile- 



76 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

tus and later came under the control of the latter city. When Theniistocles was compelled to 
leave Athens, he sought the protection of the king of Persia, by whom he was assigned Magnesia 
for support. 

B. C. 



269 -fl^~ Attic Octobol ; 5.59 gr. ; °22.5 mm. Obv. Armed horseman galloping 
r., wearing crested helmet, cuirass, and chlamys ; holds couched spear in r. hand ; be- 
neath horse, A ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. t MArNHTQN Humped bull charging 1. ; below, A ION Y3 103 | AHMH- 
TPIOY ; the whole within circular Maeander pattern. 
Prowe Coll. 

B. C. 190-133. 

270 JR. Attic Tetradrachm ; 15 M gr. ; 35 mm. Obv. Head of Artemis r., 
wearing stephane, with bow and quiver on shoulder. 

Rev. \ MATNHTQN Apollo, naked, standing slightly turned 1., on Maeander 
pattern, fillet in r. hand, 1. hand resting on tripod, on which a quiver ; before, 
HPorNHTOS | umrPifiNOS ; the whole within laurel-wreath. 

Baron Coll. 

Miletus was founded, or perhaps an existing town was only colonized, by Greeks, at the 
time of the earliest emigrations from Greece. It early became one of the greatest commercial 
cities of antiquity, possessed of a large fleet of merchant ships trading throughout the Mediterra- 
nean Sea and especially to the shores of the Euxine. Miletus, under the leadership of its tyrant 
Histiaeus, led the Ionian Kevolt and, though aided by Athens, was soon reduced by Darius and 
virtually destroyed. The renowned temple of Apollo Didymaeus in Milesian territory was burned 
by Darius at that time and was not restored until the time of Alexander the Great. 

The first coinage of money is credited to Lydia, but coins with Milesian types are among 
the earliest known, and the striking of coins at Miletus was probably but very little later than 
anywhere else. 

B. C. 250-190. 

271 ^R. Persic Stater ; 11.11 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, laureate, 1., 
with long hair falling on neck. 

Rev. J [^ Lion standing 1., looking back at sun ; in front, A ; below, hkoaa. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

The lion and the sun were emblems of the Didymaean Apollo. 

Smyrna was first built near the mouth of the river Hermus that flowed under the walls of 
Sardis. It, therefore, occupied Lydia's natural outlet to the sea, and to get possession of the city 
Lydian kings waged a long war. Smyrna was finally captured by Alyattes in B. C. 585 and de- 
stroyed. Three centuries later a new Smyrna was built a few miles away by Antigonus and 
Lysimachus. 

Second Century. 

272 ^-. Attic Tetradrachm ; 15.48 gr. ; 39 mm. Obv. Head of Kybele r., with 
turret-crown, her hair in knot behind and long locks falling on neck. 

Rev. | IMYPNAION Lion walking 1. ; below, hpakaeiahs ; the whole in oak- 
wreath. 

H. Chapman. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 77 

273 &■ Attic Tetradrachm ; 1548 gr. ; 39 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. | IMYP | NAIQN below, f ; the whole in oak- wreath. 

Philip sen Coll. 

In the new Smyrna a splendid temple of Kybele, the mother of the gods, stood on the sea- 
front. The lion was sacred to her. 

Teos, situate on a peninsula southwest of Smyrna, was one of the very prosperous cities of 
Ionia until the Persian invasion. Fearing harsh treatment from the Persians some of the people 
of Teos abandoned their city in B. C. 544 and settled at Abdera in Thrace. But it seems that 
those who remained in the old home were evidently treated with greater consideration than had 
been expected. For the city of Anacreon continued to prosper, and the apparently uninterrupted 
coinage suggests that it remained autonomous. 

Before B. C. 5U- 

274 -#*-. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.79 gr.; 24 mm. Obv. Griffin, with curled wings, 
seated r., with 1. paw raised ; in front, club ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. Incuse square, divided into four compartments with granulated surfaces. 

The griffin on Tean coins has not yet been satisfactorily explained. It has been suggested 
that it relates to the Hyperborean Apollo and the guardianship of the gold that Jason sought, for 
the Teans had extensive commerce with the Euxine long before they began to strike coins. 

The Ionian Revolt against Persia started in B. C. 500 at Miletus, under the instigation of 
Aristagoras, and quickly spread to nearly all of the Greek cities of Asia Minor. The Persian 
tyrants were promptly expelled and Greek strategoi elected in their places. The intervention of 
Athens was sought, and that city, with Eretria, despatched a fleet, landed at Ephesus, reached 
and burned Sardis. But disaster overtook the combined Greek fleet at Lade and with the com- 
mand of the sea the Persians soon reduced the rebellious cities. Prof. Gardner has recognized in 
a group of Electrum Staters, of peculiar and uniform fabric, coins issued at various Ionian cities 
— the exact mint not always determinable — to meet the expenses of the war. The patriotic 
cities refused to use Persian gold Darics to pay their soldiers and sailors, and reverted to their 
ancient practice of coining electrum. 

B. C. 500-m. 

275 El. Milesian Stater ; 14-00 gr. ; 20 mm. Obv. Sow walking r. 
Rev. Incuse square of four compartments. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

Doubtfully attributed to Methymna in Lesbos. 

276 El. Milesian Stater ; 14-03 gr. ; 20 mm. Obv. Cock standing r. ; above, 
floral ornament ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. Incuse square of four compartments. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

Quite possibly struck at Dardanus, where the coin-type is a cock or cock-fight. 

SATRAPY OF IONIA. 

The Persian satraps occasionally issued coins from the mints of western Asia Minor. The 
types vary, but sometimes resemble those of the Persian Daric. 



78 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

B. C. 400. 

277 JR. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; H.9If gr. ; 23.5 mm. Obv. The king of Per- 
sia, bearded, kneeling r., wearing kidaris. and candys ; in r. hand,. spear ; in 1., strung 
bow. 

Rev. Incuse with granulated surface and various raised patterns. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

This specimen has, with considerable degree of probability, been attributed to Ephesus. 



ISLANDS OF IONIA. 

Chios is a few miles off the coast of Ionia, between the islands of Samos and Lesbos. The 
island was very fertile and early contained a prosperous population. The city of Chios on the 
eastern shore had an excellent harbor and its commerce was large. The fine marbles of Chios 
were famous in antiquity, but still more famous were its wines, celebrated by almost all the poets 
and still in high favor. 

B. C. 4-78412. 

278 JR. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 15.32 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Sphinx seated 1., 
with curled wings ; in field, 1., amphora surmounted by bunch of grapes ; r., dolphin, 
1. ; the whole on circular raised shield. 

Rev. Incuse square, divided into four compartments. 

Sir K Weber Coll. 

The sphinx is a symbol of the wine-god Dionysus, whose cult was specially favored in Chios. 

Samos was one of the most prosperous of the Aegaean islands. At a very early period it 
became a considerable naval power and in the time of its too fortunate tyrant Polycrates was re- 
spected or feared because of its fleet. In this period Samos had close political and commercial 
relations with Egypt. The city joined in the Ionian Eevolt and furnished sixty ships to the con- 
federate fleet at Lade. After the defeat many of the Samians refused to submit to Persian domi- 
nation and sailed away to Sicily and settled at Zancle (Messana). Samos was one of the first to 
become an ally of Athens, but revolted in B. C. 439 and was conquered and punished by Pericles. 
Samos was one of the earliest art centers of the Greek world. 

Before B. C. 494. 

279 JR- Tetradrachm ; 13.15 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Lion's scalp with lower jaws 
displayed. 

Rev. — ► ^A Bull's head r. in incuse square. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

B. C. 439-365. 

280 JR. Tetradrachm ; 15.35 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Lion's scalp, with lower jaw 
displayed. 

Rev. J % A Forepart of bull r., the right leg bent, truncation dotted ; behind, 
olive branch; above, [AAK]MEfiN | ErMONEGS; the whole in incuse square. 
Hirsch. 






Catalogue of Greek Coins 79 

28J Si. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 15.26 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding, 
but of more advanced style. 

Bev. I §A Forepart of bull r., with r. leg bent under him, dotted truncation, 
ornamental band round the body ; behind, olive-branch ; above, HTHSIANAE; below, 
(0) ; the whole in incuse square. 

The bull on the Samian coins is apparently a river-god. The origin and meaning of the 
lion's mask are obscure. Samos was one of the principal centers of the cult of Hera, where that 
goddess had a famous temple, whilst the cult of Heracles, of whom the lion-scalp might be a sym- 
bol, does not seem to have been important, if established in Samos at all. The suggestion of M. 
Babelon that the device is of Egyptian origin is certainly interesting. 



CARIA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. 

Mausolus, B. C. 377-353. 
This Satrap of Caria would have passed to that oblivion the most of such officials deserved 
had not his sister and widow Artemisia erected for him at Halicarnassus the tomb which anti- 
quity regarded as one of the seven wonders of the world, a distinction the Mausoleum seems to 
have well deserved. The names of such architects and artists as Pythis, Scopas, Bryaxis, Timo- 
theus, and Leochares, who were engaged to build and adorn the great structure with a variety of 
sculptures, are sufficient to warrant the renown it had in ancient times, even if some remains 
were not still extant to confirm that estimate. A more enduring glory for Halicarnassus was in 
being the birthplace of Herodotus. 

282 Hi. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 14-90 gr. ; 24.5 mm. Obv. Head of Apollo, 
laureate, three-quarter face r., the hair so treated as to suggest rays. 

Bev. I MAYS?ftAAO Zeus Stratios walking i\, wearing talaric chiton and hima- 
tion with end thrown across 1. arm ; holds labrys (double-ax) over r. shoulder, inverted 
spear in r. hand. 

S. S. Chapman. 

The facing Apollo-head is an imitation of a Bhodian coin-type. Zeus Stratios, the Zeus of 
the piratical Carians, had a temple at Labranda, a village near the old capital city of Mylasa. 

Ridrieus, B. C. 351-344-. 
This Satrap was a brother of Mausolus and succeeded to the satrapy on the death of Arte- 
misia in B. C. 351. His wife was his younger sister Ada. 

283 ^. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 14.7 4 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Similar to No. 282. 
Bev. f IA PI EftS Type as No. 282. 

Si? H. Weber Coll. 

Euagoras II, King of Salamis, B. C. 351- . 

Euagoras was king of Salamis when the Phoenician revolt against Persia broke out in B. C. 

351. He declared for Persia, but the several other kings then reigning in Cyprus took the side of 

the Phoenicians and drove Euagoras from his kingdom. He went over to the Persians, was well 

received by Hidrieus, brother and successor of Mausolus on the throne of Caria, who aided him 



80 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

in equipping a fleet. With the aid of Phocion, the Athenian, they laid siege to Salamis, but failed 
to take the city. 

In the opinion of M. Babelon this coin was struck in Caria during the preparations for this 
expedition. 

284 JR. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 15.22 gr. ; 21 mm. Obv. Persian King, Arta- 
xerxes III, wearing kidaris and kandys, kneeling r. and discharging arrow from bow ; 
around, circle of dots. 

Rev. f Euagoras II, mounted on horse galloping r., striking downwards with 
lance ; beneath horse, wreath and letter 0- 



ISLANDS OF CARTA. 

Carpathos was a small island off the coast of Caria. It seems to have been one of the nu- 
merous Phoenician trading-points in the seventh century. There were but three small cities on 
the island, of which Poseidium was the most important and the capital. 

Sixth Century. 

285 -51. Phoenician Stater ; 13.57 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Two dolphins swim- 
ming in opposite directions, the upper r., the lower 1. ; beneath, smaller dolphin 1. ; 
the whole in square of dotted lines with flowers in corners. 

Rev. Incuse square, divided by broad band into two parallel oblongs. 
Mathey Coll. 

The dolphins relate to the name of the town Poseidium. The reverse is evidently an imita- 
tion of the type found on coins of Camirus in Rhodes. 

Cos was one of the more important of the Sporades. It is mentioned by Homer, so that it 
must have been colonized at a very early period. The population was Dorian and the chief city, 
Cos, belonged to the Dorian pentapolis, that included also Camirus, Cnidus, and Ialysus. The 
island is said to have been settled by people from Epidaurus who brought with them the cult of 
Asklepios. At any rate there was a famous temple of that god at Cos, in which was the cele- 
brated Venus Anadyomene painted by Apelles, a native of Cos. The island was also noted for its 
wines and its purple dye, and for a diaphanous silken fabric that was long popular among Greeks 
and Romans. Against these Coan fabrics Juvenal levels some of his sharpest shafts. 

Fifth Century. 

286 A. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.58 gr. ; 25.5 mm. Obv. KO$ Discobolus, 
naked, in attitude of throwing the discus ; in field, 1., tripod; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. — * Crab in an incuse square ; border of dots. 

Hirsch XXXIV, 489. 

On the Triopian Promontory opposite Cos was a temple of Apollo, where the Dorian Pen- 
tapolis annually celebrated with games a great festival in honor of that god. 
iv 8e /xi£ Tifj.g. Tpioirov Karadeio tcoXwvav, 

laov Aupitecrcn vip,wv yipaa iyyiis iov<riv. Theocritus XVII, 689. 
"And in my honor let the Triopian headland share, according equal honor to the Dorians near." 
The coins of Cos of this type were probably agonistic, being issued on the occasion of those games. 
The tripod was the capital prize. 

The crab may have been a symbol of Heracles, whose cult was affected by part of the Coans. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 81 

B. C. 300-190. 

287 3L. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 14-09 gr.; 25 mm. Obv. Head of young Her- 
acles in lion's skin r. 

Rev. I KfilON Crab; beneath, TIM OAYKOS, and bow in case ; the whole with- 
in a square of dotted lines in an incuse square. 

Hirsch XVIII, 2481. 

Following the death of Alexander the Great Cos fell to the share of Ptolemy of Egypt, and 
the Alexander type was introduced on the obverse of the coins, but the old civic type was re- 
tained on the reverse. 



ISLAND OF RHODES. 
Camirus was the greatest of the three cities of Rhodes and chiefly a commercial town. Its 
early commercial relations with Aegina is shown by its coin standards. 

Sixth Century B. C. 

288 &L. Aeginetic Stater ; 12.28 gr. ; 20 mm. Obv. Fig-leaf. 
Rev. Two incuse oblongs, parallel. 

S. H. Chapman. 

The significance of the fig-leaf is not clear, unless it relates to an important local product. 

Rhodes was founded by the three chief cities of the island purely for commercial considera- 
tions, thus concentrating the wealth and commerce of the entire island in a single city on a better 
harbor. But a nobler spirit seems to have controlled the building of the city ; for it was laid out 
by a famous expert in city-building, Hippodamus, a native of Miletus. The same person also 
designed the city of Thurium and the Piraeus. The well-known colossal statue of Helios was later 
erected by Chares at the harbor entrance. The cost of this Wonder of the World is said to have 
been met largely from the material abandoned by Demetrius Poliorcetes when he raised the mem- 
orable siege of Rhodes. In B. C. 166 Rhodes was despoiled by the Romans of the large territory 
granted in 189 including great portions of Caria and Lycia ; also her commerce suffered a fatal 
blow ; but much was restored in B. C. 88 for fidelity during the Mithradatic war. 

B. C. 400-333. 

289 ^- Chian Tetradrachm ; 15.19 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Head of Helios three- 
quarter face r. 

Rev. / POA ION Rose with bud ; beneath, *. 

Sotheby, 1919, No. 242. 

The facing head of the patron divinity, Helios, on this coin shows the influence of Kimon's 
masterpiece of the facing Arethusa at Syracuse. The latter work had appeared just before the 
Rhodians projected their second coinage and must have aroused a sensation among artists, espe- 
cially engravers and sculptors, everywhere. It has been pointed out that this Rhodian head be- 
trays the broader and bolder style characteristic of the tendencies of the island's sculpture toward 
the colossal. 

The rose is a punning type relating to the name of the city. 

B. C. 88-43. 

290 /R. Attic? Drachm; 4-11 gr.; 21.5mm. Obv. Youthful head of Helios, 
radiate, three-quarter face r. 



82 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Rev. Full-blown rose ; above, magistrate's name, KPITOKAHS ; below, barley- 
head ; the whole in circle of dots. 
Merzbacher Coll. 

The almost cherubic face of Helios on this coin, and the rays a duller imagination required 
in the first century to suggest the sun-god, mark a great change in Rhodian art ; interesting, too, 
is the fact that the Drachm was then the largest coin the city issued — the sun of her culture and 
commerce had set. 

291 M. 23.45 gr. ; 35 mm. Obv. Facing head of Helios, with flowing hair and 
rays. 

Rev. 1 PO Full-blown rose facing; below, ^<t>Al^fP05; the whole in an oak- 
wreath. 

UNCERTAIN MINT. 

Sixth Century. 

292 -#C Aeginetic Stater ; 11.11 gr. ; 19.5 mm. Obv. Forepart of lion (or 
lioness) 1., one paw forward ; on neck, punchmark, bee ? 

Rev. Incuse square, in four compartments. Cf. Bab. XIX, 18. 

Son. 



This is one of a considerable group of early coins with types suggestive of Caria, but whose 
mint-place has not yet been satisfactorily established. 



LYDIA. 

The fairly trustworthy history of Lydia begins with the accession of Gyges in B. C. 687, the 
founder of the dynasty of the Mermnadae. Under this sovereign a policy of conquests was 
launched that was pursued by his successors till the Lydian empire embraced nearly all of Asia 
Minor. The River Halys was its eastern boundary in the time of Croesus, who, misled by an am- 
biguous oracle, made the fatal mistake of trying to carry his conquests beyond that stream and 
destroyed his own mighty empire. Victorious Persia then extended her domination to the 
Aegaean Sea and the islands contiguous to Asia Minor. 

It is now very generally conceded that the credit of inventing the coin belongs to Lydia. 
And the most primitive specimens of coins are the best proof of the claim, for they almost cer- 
tainly are of Lydian origin. These early coins are all of electrum or " white gold " (\evKbs xp v <*° s )i 
an alloy of gold and silver found in the rivers and mines of Lydia. The proportion of gold in the 
natural alloy varied from 55% to 80%, so that coins struck with uniform weight varied in value 
so much as to hamper commerce. To cure this evil — and numerous countermarked specimens, 
so marked by responsible merchants, shows that the evil was realized — the government of the 
long famous Croesus carried through a great monetary reform. The two metals were separated 
and existing specimens of pure gold and pure silver coins confirm the statement of Herodotus that 
" The Lydians were the first people, so far as we know, to make use of money struck in gold and 
in SUVer (wpGiToi 8t avBpwwwv r&v rj/j.€is 1'Sp.ev vbp.iap.0. xp v <f°v Ka ' apyiipov Ko\pafj.evoi expv a avj °) ■ The purpose 
of the great reform may have been primarily commercial, but it was hardly the sole motive. For 
in the recoinage of the electrum coins that would readily find their way into the royal mint at 
Sardis there must have been enormous profits, which went directly into the royal fiscus. It is not 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 83 

improbable that it is to the operations of this mint that Croesus owed much of his fabulous wealth; 
and the same operations may account for the scarcity of the electrum issues of several cities whose 
few kuowu coins must be later than the actual beginning of their coinage. 

Time of Croesus, B. C. 561-546. 

293 N. Stater ; 8.10 gr. ; 16 mm. Obv. Forepart of lion r., with open mouth 
and r. paw forward, facing forepart of bull 1. 

Rev. Two incuse squares, one larger than the other, side by side. 
Con. Weber Coll., 3286. 

294 M. Babylonic Drachm ; 5.31 gr. ; 16 mm. Similar to preceding. 
H. Chapman. 

The lion is found as a type on the earlier coins of Lydia, but the bull first appears on the 
coinage of Croesus.- It probably relates to some newly conquered country added to the empire. 



PHRYGIA. 

Cibyra became the capital city of a confederation of four cities early in the second century 
B. C. This Tetrapolis enjoyed excellent government and became remarkably prosperous. Strabo 
states that Cibyra. meaning doubtless the Confederation, was capable of putting in the field 30,000 
infantry and 2,000 cavalry. After the conquest by the Romans Cibyra became the chief city of 
an extensive conventus. The town seems to have struck no coins till near the middle of the second 
century. 

295 &. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 12.4-7 gr. ; 30 mm. Obv. Male bust, draped, 
r., wearing crested helmet ; border of dots. 

Rev. | KIBYPATQN Horseman galloping r., armed with crested helmet, cuirass, 
shield, and spear: above, pilei ; in field, L, §IA, r., MA ; beneath horse, B ; below, MO- 

296 ^R. Rhodian Tetradrachm ; 12.53 gr.; 30 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. J Similar to preceding ; behind horseman, bee ; on cuirass, K ; beneath 

horse, A KEA | OAI. 



LYCIA. 

Not much is known of the history of Lycia prior to the conquest by Alexander the Great. 
There are a great many names of petty princes, whose domains must have been, in most cases, 
very small towns and the adjacent country ; but next to nothing has been accomplished in deter- 
mining where or when any of them held sway. Perhaps the obscurity of these individuals is due 
to the fact that they were unimportant members of a national federation, one of the most success- 
ful federal governments of antiquity. These federal institutions were continued after the Persian 
conquest in B. C. 545. 

Circ. B. C. 480-460. 

297 &. Babylonic Stater ; 9.50 gr. ; 20 mm. Obv. Forepart of boar r. 

Rev. Triskeles r. in linear square, in incuse square. 

H. Chapman. 



84 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Taththivaibi, Give. B. C. 480-460. 

298 ^-. Aeginetic Stater ; 11.76 gr.; 19 mm. Obv. Head of Aphrodite 1., with 
three rows of curls on forehead, hair confined by a cord and drawn up behind ; wears 
earring and necklace. 

Rev. T^XXFF'i^EFBE Tetraskeles r. ; the whole in dotted square within incuse 
square. 

Merzbacher, 3143. 

Vad , 385-380. 

299 ^R. Babylonic Stater ; 9.81 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. 
Rev. p^>/\ Triskeles 1. in circular incuse. 

H. Chapman. 

The triskeles, or tetraskeles, is found commonly on Lycian coins and seems to have been a 
national emblem. It apparently symbolizes the sun and therefore relates to the Lycian Apollo, 
who was a god of light. 



PAMPHYLIA. 



Aspendus, situate near the mouth of the Eurymedon river, was a wealthy commercial city. 
Strabo says it was an Argive colony. The city was evidently of considerable importance some- 
what early in the fifth century. It was at Aspendus that the Athenian patriot Thrasybulus was 
slain by citizens who resented his levy of contributions. The name of the city in the vernacular 
was Estvedys. 

Circ. B. C. 400-300. 

300 Persic Stater ; 10.72 gr. ; 24 mm. Obv. Two wrestlers, nude, the one 
grasping the other by the wrists, while the latter thrusts r. foot forward between ad- 
versary's legs ; on border, circle of dots. 

Rev. \ E^TFEAIIY^ Slinger standing r., hurling with sling ; in field, r., triske- 
les ; the whole in square of dotted lines. 

S. H. Chapman. 

A scene from the palaestra forms the obverse type of this coin. The suggestion that the 
Greek sphendonetes or slinger is meant as a punning type suggested by the similarity between the 
word and the name of the town is interesting, possibly correct. 

Perga, situate on the river Oestrus, was the metropolis of Pamphylia in the first century of 
our era and probably long before. St. Paul visited Perga twice on his missionary journeys, 
having Barnabas with him the second time. The famous temple of Artemis Pergaea stood on a 
hilltop near the city. The festival celebrated there in honor of the goddess was of national 
importance. 

B. C. 190-27. 

30! Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.78 gr. ; 28 mm. Obv. Head of Artemis Pergaea r., 
laureate ; behind neck, quiver ; border of dots. 

Rev. f APTEMIAO? | TTEPrAIA? Artemis, wearing short armless chiton, high 
hunting-boots, standing to front with head turned 1., holding wreath in r., the 1. hand 
supporting scepter ; at r. side, stag looking up ; in field, r., thunderbolt ? 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 85 

CILICIA. 

Celenderis was located on the coast, northeast of the Anemurian promontory. The place 
was first settled by Phoenicians, but later received Samian colonists. The town occupied a natu- 
ral stronghold and was selected for the town site either for protection against pirates, who for 
centuries infested that coast, or the town itself was originally a pirates' retreat. On the adjacent 
plains horse-breeding was an important industry. 

Circ. B. C. 450-400. 

302 JR. Persic Stater ; 10.59 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Nude horseman seated side- 
ways galloping r., holding whip in r. and rein in 1. hand ; below, T ; around, circle of 
dots. 

Rev. *—■ KEAEN Goat kneeling r. on 1. leg, head turned back; the whole in cir- 
cular incuse. 

Paris, 1909. 

Horse-racing was evidently a favorite sport at Celenderis. The obverse type shows the 
jockey leaping from his mount at the end of the race. The goat on the reverse is thought to 
allude to the abundance of those animals in the vicinity of the city. 

Mallus was located on the river Pyramus at the point where the stream divided before reach- 
ing the sea. Although the town was evidently prosperous and of considerable importance from 
an early date, yet prior to the Macedonian conquest but very little is known of it. It was the 
seat of a famous oracle, whose origin was associated with the myth of its foundation. 

Circ. B. C. 425-385. 

303 ^R- Persic Stater ; 10.54 9 r - '■> %% mm- Obv. Male figure, winged, running 
r. ; wears long chiton, and holds in both hands a disc on which eight pointed star ; 
around, circle of dots. 

Rev. ♦— MAP Swan walking 1. ; in field, 1., dolphin ; r., ^ ; all in circular incuse. 
Durufle Sale, 587. 

The running- figure type on this coin remains yet unexplained. The swan, like the goat on 
the Celendris coin, perhaps betrays local influence, though that bird was also sacred to Astarte. 

Soli, situate near the mouth of the river Lamus, was an Argive colony with a later admix- 
ture of Ehodians. It was the corruption of the Greek language of this city by contact with the 
native speech that gave rise to the term solecism. When Tigranes of Armenia wrested Cilicia 
from the Seleucid kings he destroyed Soli and transported the inhabitants to his new city of 
Tigranocerta. But in B. C. 66 Pompey restored the town and settled there the pirates he had 
subdued along that coast. Thereafter the city was called Pompeiopolis. 

Circ. B. C. 450-386. 

304 JR. Persic Stater ; 10.45 gr. ; 23.5 mm. Obv. Head of Athena r., in 
crested Athenian helmet adorned with griffin ; wears necklace and earring ; around, 
circle of dots. 

Rev. J SOAEQN Bunch of grapes on stalk, with tendrils and a leaf; in field, 
r., ai, and 1., te. 
H. Chapman. 



86 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

It is possible that the Athena on this coin was due to a tradition that the city was founded 
by, and, by popular error in etymology, owed its name to, Solon. The Athenian owl also occurs 
as a symbol on some of the coins of Soli. 



b. a 

304a -#*-. Stater ; 9.98 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Bearded head of Heracles r., lion's 
skin around neck ; border of dots. 

Rev. f SOAIKON ? Head of Satrap r., bearded and wearing mitra. 



CAPPADOCIA. 

This Persian satrapy was erected into a kingdom that became independent after the death 
of Seleucus I, of Syria, in B. C. 281. The name or title Ariarathes was inherited from the Satrap 
who was on the throne when Alexander invaded Persia. 

Ariarathes V, B. 0. 163-130. 
This prince, whose maternal grandfather was Antiochus III, the Great, had the misfortune 
to incur the enmity of Demetrius of Syria, probably because he refused to support the latter 
against Kome, but according to some authorities, because he had refused the hand of Demetrius' 
sister. Demetrius, therefore, drove him from his throne and placed thereon the pretender Oro- 
phernes. Ariarathes went to Rome', where his appeal found sympathetic ears and returning was 
restored to his throne by Attalus of Pergamum, doubtless by Rome's order or suggestion. A 
famous incident in connection with thes^ events was the demand Ariarathes made upon the peo- 
ple of Priene, in Ionia, for 400 talents Orophernes had deposited with them during his brief oc- 
cupancy of the throne of Cappadocia, B. C. 158-157. The Prienians refused to deliver the money 
to any but the depositor and accepted war and a siege rather than recede from their position. 
Ariarathes failed to secure the money, which was later returned to Orophernes. 

305 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.03 gr. ; 29.15 mm. Obv. Head of Ariarathes 
V, laureate, r. 

Rev. / BASIAEQ3 | APIAPA0OY | EYSEBOY5 <t>IAOTTATOPO§ Athena, in 
crested helmet and talaric chiton, standing 1., holding in r. hand Nike r. with wreath, 
her 1. supporting spear and shield, on which gorgoneion ; in exergue, |~. 

Ariarathes IX, B. C. 99-97. 
This prince was the son of Mithradates VI, the Great, of Pontus, who placed him on the 
throne of Cappadocia after putting Ariarathes VII to death. He was but eighteen years of age 
when placed on the throne and, after a brief reign, was driven off by his own subjects. 

306 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.32 gr. ; 33.5 mm. Obv. Head of Ariarathes 
IX?, diadem ate, r. 

Rev. | BA3IAEQS [ APIAPA0OY EYSEBOYS | <MOTTATOPO§ Pegasus stand- 
ing 1., drinking; in field, 1., star and crescent; to r., ft/\ ; the whole in oak-wreath. 

Consul Weber. 

It is a debated question whether the head on this coin is that of the young king or of Mith- 
radates the Great. It hardly resembles the latter, and M. Reinach is probably right in holding 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 87 

that it is the head of the young king, but made to appear older than he really was. The pegasus- 
type recalls the coin-types of his father, No. 230, while the star and crescent are the symbol of 
his ancestral house. M. Eeinach interprets the monogram AM*I as an abbreviation for Amphip- 
olis. taken in the last year of the reign, and the place of issue. 



SYRIA. 

Seleucus I, Nicator, B. C. 312-280. 
The reign of this monarch, the founder of the Seleucid Kingdom of Syria, dates from the 
battle of Gaza in B. C. 312 when he recovered his satrapy of Babylon, from which he had been 
driven by Antigonus. In B. C. 301 Seleucus at the head of the coalition against Antigonus de- 
feated that powerful monarch and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes in the battle of Ipsus, when 
Antigonus lost his life and Demetrius fled. Seleucus, then saluted Nicator, "Victor victorum " 
(Just. XV 11,2), soon thereafter became master of nearly all of Asia Minor and founded the new 
monarchy with its capital at Antioch, which he built on the Orontes and named in honor of his 
father. 

307 M. pi. Attic Tetradrachm ; 1S.22 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Head of Seleucus I, 
r., in helmet ornamented with bull's horn and ear, and covered with panther's skin, a 
panther's skin also knotted about the neck ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. j BASIAEQ? ^EAEYKOY (from r. to L). Nike, in talaric chiton, standing 
r. and crowning a trophy ; in field, Boeotian shield ; around, circle of dots. 

H. Chapman. 

Probably struck after the battle of Ipsus. Like Alexander the Great, Seleucus here appears 
as young Heracles ; he also uses the title of " King," which he had assumed in B. C. 306, thus 
removing the last vestiges of his former subordinate position. 

Nike crowning the trophy recalls a similar type on the coins of Agathocles of Syracuse, and 
is another illustration of the great influence of the Sicilian engravers throughout the Greek world 
during the fourth and third centuries. 

Antiochus II, Theos, B. C. 266-261-246. 
While this king was engaged in a fruitless war with Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt, Diodo- 
tus, Satrap of Bactria, revolted and set up an independent kingdom. 

308 N. Attic Stater ; 842 gr. ; 17 mm. Obv. Head of Antiochus II, diade- 
mate, r. 

Rev. | BA5IAEQ3 ANTIOXOY Apollo seated 1. on omphalos, himation across r. 
leg, holding arrow in r. hand, and bow in 1. behind omphalos ; in field, above, star ; 
beneath hand, § ( = AtoSoVo? ?) ; below, lyre. 

R. Chapman. 

Probably struck in Bactria before the revolt of Diodotus in B. C. 258. The Apollo-on-the- 
omphalos is simply an imitation of the similar Syrian type, and hardly has any reference to an 
oracle of the god established in the East. 

Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, B. C. 175-164. 
One of the memorable revolts of the Jews took place in the reign of this monarch, and it 
was put down and punished with a harshness quite as memorable. A cultured man, who patron- 



88 Catalogue op Greek Coins 

ized the arts, Epiphanes evidently lacked either political judgment or sane political advisers and 
marred his short reign with a futile attempt on Egypt, which was checked by the Romans, and by 
another in Persia, which further disturbances in Jerusalem cut short. He perished miserably, 
smitten by Jehovah, as the Jews believed, and by their gods, as the Persians thought. 

309 A. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.73 gr. ; 33 mm. Obv. Bearded head of Zeus, 
laureate, r. ; around, fillet. 

Rev. t BA3IAEQ? | ANTIOXOY r. 0EOY | ETTI<!>ANOYS I. NIKH^OPOY in 
ex. Zeus, naked down to hips, laureate, seated 1. on throne ; in r. hand, Nike r. 
about to crown him ; in 1., sceptre. 

Spink <f" Son. 

Some numismatists have regarded this splendid head as a portrait of Epiphanes. And it is 
very probable that some of the monarch's features are portrayed in it, yet the head is doubtless 
meant to represent that of the copy of the Olympian Zeus of Phidias, a replica of which Antio- 
chus set up near Antioch, whether in the temple of Apollo at Daphne or in a new temple the king 
had erected for Zeus. On the reverse is very likely a representation of the entire statue, but 
with remarkable artistic liberties in the details. 

310 M. Pentechalchus ; 31.12 gr. ; 33.5 mm. Obv. Bearded head of Zeus r. 
Rev. \ BA?IAEfi§ | ANTIOXOY r. 0EOY | ETTI4>ANOY§ I. Eagle standing r. 

on thunderbolt. 

The fabric of this great bronze piece, especially its size and the shallow cavity in the center 
of each side, has long led many authorities to attribute it to Egypt. But Mr. Edward T. Newell, 
President of the American Numismatic Society, has shown conclusively that this is an error and 
that it was issued from the mint at Antioch (A. J. N., LI, pp. 24-27). The reverse type of the 
eagle on a fulmen is probably meant, Mr. Newell points out, to be commemorative of Epiphanes' 
victories in Egypt, for it was the badge of the Ptolemies. 



PHOENICIA. 

Sidon was the oldest and most powerful city of Phoenicia, celebrated at a very early period 
for its manufactures of a varied sort, its skilled workmen, such as Solomon secured to build his 
temple, and for enterprizing merchants who spread Phoenician commerce to every shore of the 
known world. After the Persian conquest (B. C. 537) Sidon became the chief naval reliance of 
that power. The city was destroyed in B. C. 321 by Artaxerxes III, Ochus, to punish the Phoe- 
nicians who had revolted. 

b. a 425400. 

3U -#*■• Half-shekel; 7.03 gr.; 18 mm. Obv. Sidonian galley sailing L, with 
one mast and four sails ; along the rail, row of shields ; zigzag lines for waves ; around, 
circle of dots. 

Rev. \ Persian King standing r. shooting with bow ; wears kidaris and kandys ; 
to 1., bearded head (Bes ?) incuse ; r., head of goat incuse : the whole in incuse square. 

Spink $ Son. 

The king of Sidon was the high Admiral of the Phoenician fleet, the chief naval defence of 
Persia while Sidon was under the domination of that country. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 89 

Tyre, a colony of Sidon, rivaled the latter city in manufactures and commerce. In addition 
to the usual articles made of gold, silver, and bronze peddled in Phoenician commerce throughout 
the world, the purple dyes of Tyre were famous. The dye was produced from the murex, a shell- 
fish abounding in the local waters. The Old Tyre, as it was afterwards called, on the mainland, 
was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, and the new city built on the island opposite was made fa- 
mous by the siege of Alexander in 332 B.C. 

B. C. 400-332. 

3J2 3k. Phoenician Stater ; 13.55 gr. ; 22.5 mm. Obv. Dolphin swimming r,, 
a triple zigzag line beneath representing waves ; below, murex; infield, SfSf (shilo- 
shon = l/^ ) ; around, cable. 

Rev. | Owl standing r., with scepter and flail under 1. wing, depressed below sur- 
face of field ; the whole in incuse square. 

Mathey Coll. 

The dolphin probably alludes both to the sea-born commerce and the island seat of the new 
city of Tyre, whilst the murex refers to the source of the Tyrian purple dye. The Athenian owl 
and the Egyptian flail indicate the countries with which Tyre had its principal commercial rela- 
tions. To all appearance, then, these types are of purely commercial origin, unrelated to local 
religious ideas or myths. 

Of interest to a citizen of this country are the sunken type of the reverse, anticipating the 
fabric of the recently issued Half-eagle. 



PALESTINE. 

The Jews issued no coins till after the middle of the first century B. C. and even then they 
issued no coins of gold or silver, a form of money, especially the gold, that would mark their full 
sovereignty. The '• Shekels of silver current with the merchant" were merely certain weights of 
the silver of commerce, while the sums of money mentioned in the Bible in later times were made 
up of foreign coins, Persian Darics, Greek Tetradrachms, and others then current in their country. 
Small bronze coins were struck by Simon Maccabaeus and his successors, both Asmonaean and 
Idumaean Princes, till the Eoman Procurators in A. D. 6. "With the outbreak of the First Revolt 
in B. C. 66 came a new coinage born of a renewed hope of achieving their independence of Rome. 

First Revolt, A. D. 66-70. 

313 ^. Tyrian Shekel; U-H ffr.; 23.5 mm. Obv. /FqW^U^PW frfcWl 
■>J12? -'Shekel of Israel") Chalice with knop on stem; above, ^W QtP = y ear ^) > 
around, border of dots. 

Rev. I 3WH1P3 ^VZ-W^A. (riEmpn D^IT "Jerusalem the Holy") 
Triple lily ; around, circle of dots. 

Mathey Coll. 

The date. •< year 2," points to the second year of the revolt which broke out in 66 A. D. and 
continued for five years. Dated Shekels and Half-shekels are known for each of the five years. 
The types are interesting because so different from any of the vast number of ancient coin-types 
known ; and specially interesting is the thick heavy flan that is characteristic of the Greek coins 
of five centuries earlier. 



90 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Second Revolt, A. D. 132-135. 
The harshness with which Vespasian and Titus put down the first revolt long rankled in 
the breasts of the Jews, and smarting, indeed, were the measures taken to repress them. The 
relief from the poll-tax of a Half-shekel, formerly paid to the Temple but then collected by Home, 
since the Temple had been destroyed, was not sufficient to bring contentment. So in A. D. 132 
Simon Barcochba (" Son of a Star ") led the Jews in a determined revolt against Hadrian's gov- 
ernment. 

3J4 S. Tyrian Shekel; U-75 gr.; 25 mm. Obv. [^]^ 7 (JO (1^0^ = 
Simon) Tetrastyle building, with flattened columns, line of dots on architrave ; above, 
a waved line ; within, screen of Tabernacle with Ark of Covenant ; around, border of 
dots. 

R ev - t ^ L{\)¥\ "L+'K^B/- (D^YT rUin 1 ? "Deliverance of Jerusalem") Bun- 
dle of twigs (lulaby with citron (ethrog~) on 1. 



PARTHIA. 

This was a part of a Persian Satrapy inhabited by a nomadic people, of which little is known 
till after the death of Alexander the Great. It was then that Arsaces established a royal govern- 
ment and promptly began a campaign of conquests that ultimately embraced nearly the whole of 
the old Persian monarchy. The defeat and capture of two Syrian kings, Demetrius II and Antio- 
chus Sidetes, removed Parthia's only rival until she came into contact with the Komans. This 
began with the fatal campaign of Crassus in B. C. 53 and ended with the virtual submission of 
Phraates to Augustus, when the former returned the battle standards captured when the army of 
Crassus was destroyed. 

Period of Mithradates /, A. D. 171-138. 

315 S. Attic Tetradrachm ; 14.93 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Bearded bust, diade- 
mate, r., draped. 

Rev. \ BASIAEQ? | MErAAOY AP5AKOY | <MAEAAHNO§ Heracles, beardless, 
standing three-quarter 1., drinking-cup in r. and club in 1. hand. 

Montagu Coll. 

The types of Parthian coins are generally imitations of the Seleucid coin-types. Heracles 
here takes the place of a standing Apollo. 

Mithradates II, B. C. 123-88. 
3J6 Si. Attic Tetradrachm ; 15.71 gr. ; 28 mm. Obv. Bust of Mithradates II, 
diademed, 1., the long ends of the diadem hanging at back ; wears spiral necklace and 
richly decorated cuirass ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. BASIAEQS MErAAOY AP3AKOY ETTI4>ANOYS Arsaces seated r. on om- 
phalos, holding bow in r. ; to r., outside legend, palm-branch. 
H. Chapman. 

In converting a Seleucid coin-type to their use the Parthians have substituted the founder 
for Apollo on the omphalos. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 91 

Artabanus II, B. 0. 88-77. 
Next to nothing is known of this king, whose name has been added to the list in recent 
•years. Parthia seems to have been forgotten by the historians in this period, when the Romans 
were engaged in their great struggle with Mithradates the Great and Tigranes of Armenia was 
rapidly expanding his dominions. 

317 /R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 1543 gr.; 32 mm. Obv. Bust of Artabanus II, 
1., with short beard, broad diadem, spiral necklace, and decorated cuirass ; around, cir- 
cle of dots. 

Rev. J BA3IAEQS | MErAAOY APSAKOY r. | 0EOTTATPO3 (sic) EYEPrETO 
in ex. | ETTI<t>ANOY§ <t>IAEAANO§ (sic) 1. Arsaces seated r. on throne; in field, (g). 

Orodes I, B. C. 57-38. 
It was in the reign of this king that Parthia reached the zenith of its power and began to 
decline. In 53 B. C. the Roman invasion was crushed at Carrhae, when Crassus was killed and 
10,000 of his men captured. Roman standards taken that day long graced the trophied walls of 
Parthian temples. Years afterward Augustus recovered the standards through diplomatic means, 
an event celebrated by Horace, 

et signa, nostra restituit Iovi 
derepta Parthorum superbis 



and by Augustus on coins siGN(is) MiLiT(aribus) A part (his) REcvp(eratis). Orodes was 
murdered by his son Phraates IV. 

318 ^-. Attic Tetradrachm ; 15.19 gr. ; 33.5 mm. Obv. Bust of Orodes 1 1., 
with short beard, wart on forehead, broad diadem, and long hair in three rows of formal 
locks; wears spiral necklace and cuirass; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. J BASIAEQ3 BA5IAEQN | APSAKOY EYEPTETOY | AIKAIOY J ETTI<t>AI- 
NOYS <J>IAEAAHNOS Orodes I, in long chiton and pantaloons, seated 1. on throne; in 
outstretched r. hand, Nike r. offering him a crown ; holds sceptre in 1. hand. 

R~. Chapman. 

This coin may have been struck soon after the victory over Crassus, Orodes considering him- 
self a new founder of a greater Parthia and so takes the place of Arsaces on the reverse and Nike 
crowns him. 



PERSIA. 

Not until the taking of Sardis in B. C. 546 and the subjugation of the Greeks in Asia Minor 
did the Persians come into contact with the institution of coined money and learn its value. What 
means of exchange they had employed before that time is not clearly known, but barter was prob- 
ably the chief one, supplemented, no doubt, by the use of ingots and personal ornaments of gold, 
silver, and other metals. Cyrus, the conqueror of Lydia, seems to have struck no coins. But we 
have the statement of Herodotus that Darius Hystaspis struck coins of the purest quality of 
gold. These were the gold Danes (Sapei/c6s), a term derived from the king's name. The coinage 
of the Daric was enormous from its inauguration till the fall of Persia. It very soon acquired the 
character of an international medium of exchange and supplied the needs of gold coinage to com- 
merce everywhere. But they probably circulated outside Persia more than inside that empire. 
From the obverse type of the archer-king the Darks were known in antiquity as lo^brai. 



92 Catalogue of Gbeek Coins 

3J9 N. Double Daric ; 16.65 gr.; 19 mm. Obv. The king running r., crowned 
with kidaris and wearing long kandys, with bow in 1. and lance in r. hand. 

Rev. Irregular form incuse. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

Throughout the two centuries they were issued the types of the Darics remained unchanged, 
except for slight modifications of details or variations of the physiognomy of the king. It is, 
therefore, impossible to attribute the Darics to particular kings with any degree of certainty. The 
Double Darics were struck outside the regular royal mints for special military or other purposes ; 
for the most part they were struck in Babylon, perhaps all of them. 



BACTRIA. 

The civil discords and the wars among the Macedonian rulers in Europe, Asia, and Egypt 
offered the peoples of the eastern Satrapies an opportunity to regain their freedom from the Seleu- 
cid kings. So in about B. C. 246 Diodotus, Satrap of Antiochus II, raised the standard of revolt 
in Bactria and succeeded in establishing an independent kingdom. Near the close of the third 
century, however, the Scythians invaded Bactria and the Greek ruling class was driven out. The 
latter invaded the territory now known as Afghanistan and the Panjab and there erected a Graeco- 
Indian kingdom. The history of this latter kingdom has been almost entirely lost, and much of 
what we have would never have been known had not the discovery of coins issued by its kings 
made it possible to draw up a meager outline of that history. 

Diodotus II?, after B. C. 250. 
Justin states that Diodotus was slain by his own son soon after his successful revolt, and 
that the son then reigned under the same name. 

320 N. Attic Stater ; 8.30 gr. ; 18,5 mm. Obv. Head of Diodotus II, dia- 
demed, r. 

Rev. I BA^IAEQS | AIOAOTOY Zeus standing 1., hurling thunderbolt, aegis on 
1. arm ; at his feet, eagle ; in field, wreath. 

H. Chapman. 

Because of the youthfulness of the head this gold Stater is here assigned to the younger 
Diodotus. 

The types of the coins issued by the Greek kings of Bactria betray the best of Greek art. 
Evidently the native population had no influence in the government, the types of their coins be- 
ing purely Greek and untouched by local ideas of any sort. 

Euthydemus I, Circ. B. C. 230. 
This king met a crushing defeat at the hands of Antiochus the Great in 210 B. C, when the 
latter made an expedition into the East to recover the lost provinces. But Euthydemus proved 
able to keep by his eloquence what he had virtually lost by arms. He appealed to the generous 
nature of the king, pointed out that he had not rebelled, but had destroyed the rebellious House 
of Diodotus, and besides that the Scythian nomads were preparing to invade the country, so that 
he should be left undisturbed on the throne. Antiochus agreed and even bestowed one of his 
daughters upon the son and envoy of Euthydemus, his successor Demetrius. The extension of 
the kingdom into India was effected by these two, father and son. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 93 

321 JR. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.59 gr. ; 30 mm. Obv. Head of Euthydemus I, 

diademed, r. ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. t BA3IAEQS | EY0YAHMOY Bearded Heracles, naked, seated 1. on a rock, 
over which is thrown lion's skin ; in r. hand, club which rests on rock, the 1. also rest- 
ing on the rock ; in field, %'. 

322 &. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.56 gr. ; 29.5 mm. Obv. Elderly head of Eu- 
thydemus I, diademed, r. 

Rev. | Legend and type similar to preceding. 
Butler Coll. 

Demetrius, King of India. 

323 ^~ Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.79 gr.; 35 mm. Obv. Draped bust of Deme-' 
trius, diademed, r., wearing elephant scalp ; fillet on border. 

Rev. / BA5IAEQ5 | AHMHTPIOY Heracles, nude, standing to front, his club 
and lion's skin in r. hand, crowning himself with ivy ; in field, ^ ; around, fillet. 

Hirscli, May, 1912. 

The portrait of Demetrius on this Tetradrachm is one of the finest known on coins of any 
period, while the rendering of such accessories as the elephant mask is in every way masterly. 
Equally admirable, too. is the figure of Heracles, betraying, as has been pointed out, a strong 
Praxitelean influence. This figure of Heracles crowning himself with ivy recalls that god hold- 
ing a drinking-cup on a Parthian coin, No. 315. 

Euthydemus II, King of India. 
Early in Second Century. 
Probably a son of Demetrius and apparently contemporary with Eucratides, the powerful 
Graeco-Indian king. 

324 ^-. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.36 gr. ; 36 mm. Obv. Draped bust of Euthy- 
demus II, diademed, r. ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. \ BA3IAEQS | EY0YAHMOY Young Heracles, nude, standing to front, 
crowned with ivy and holding another ivy-crown in r., his club in 1. and lion's skin 
across 1. arm ; in field, %. 

Hirsch, May, 1912. 

Antimachus, King of India. 

325 J&. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.00 gr.; 33 mm. Obv. Draped bust of the king, 
diademed, r., wearing kausia. 

Rev. } BA?IAEQ§ 0EOY | ANTIMAXOY Poseidon standing to front, wearing 
wreath and himation : holds sceptre in r. hand, in 1. palm-branch bound with fillet ; in 
field, kxp in monogram. 

Butler Coll. 

Eucratides, King of Bactria and India. 
Circ. B. C. 190- ?. 

According to Justin Eucratides engaged in a prolonged war, or in several wars, with Deme- 
trius and finally became master not only of Bactria and the Indian kingdom, but also extended 
his conquests. He assumed the title of the Great (Xo. 328), and the apparent extent of his do- 
minions justified his pride. 



94 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

326 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.05 gr. ; 34 mm. Obv. Draped bust of Eucra- - 
tides, diademed, r. ; around, fillet. 

Rev. | BA2IAEQS | EYKPATIAOY Apollo standing to front, with head turned 
1., wearing chlamys and high boots, holding arrow in r. hand, in 1. bow, which rests 
on ground; in field, \^. 

Spink <f Son. 

327 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.91 gr. ; 32 mm. Obv. Draped bust of Eucra- 
tides, diademed, r. ; around, fillet. 

Rev. / BA^IAEQ^ | EYKPATIAOY The Dioscuri galloping r., with long spears 
in r. hands, carrying palm-branches across 1. shoulders ; below, <J>. 
Butler Coll. 

328 &. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.69 gr. ; 30 mm. Obv. Draped bust of Eucra- 
tides, diademed, r., wearing a crested kausia-shaped helmet adorned with bull's ear and 
horn ; around, fillet. 

Rev. f BASIAEQS MErAAOY | EYKPATIAOY Similar to preceding; beneath 
horse, $. 

H. Chapman. 

miiodes, Circ. B. O. 150-125. 
In the reign of this son and successor of Eucratides the Scythian hordes overwhelmed Bac- 
tria and drove the reigning House south of the Caucasus, into the Kahul valley. He was thus the 
last Greek king of Bactria. 

329 ^.. Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.94 gr- ; S3 mm. Obv. Draped bust diademed, 
r. ; around, fillet. 

Rev. | BASIAEfiS | HAIOKAEOY^ | ex. AIKAIOY Zeus, laureate, standing to 
front, himation hanging from 1. shoulder and hips ; thunderbolt in r. hand, 1. support- 
ing sceptre ; in field, Q. 



AFRICA. 
EGYPT. 

Ptolemy 7, Soter, B. C. 323-305-285. 

After a conquest made easy because the native population would not fight for their Persian 
masters Alexander the Great established his own authority over Egypt with the least possible dis- 
turbance of the old constitution. In the division of the Macedonian Empire, following the death 
of Alexander, the governorship of Egypt fell to Ptolemy, son of Arsinoe and Philip II of Macedon, 
who had distinguished himself as a general in Alexander's army. From 323 to 311 B. C. Ptolemy 
ruled Egypt as governor, first for Philip Aridaeus, then for Alexander IV, son of Boxana, finally, 
after an interregnum lasting from 311 to 305, becoming the independent king of the country. 
Both before and after his assumption of the crown Ptolemy extended his dominions in Asia and 
Africa, and notably to the island of Cyprus. He was an unusually enlightened man. He estab- 
lished the famous library and school at Alexandria, making that city one of the chief culture cen- 
ters of his time. He was himself the author of a life of Alexander the Great, a work much praised 
in anticpuity, but lost at an early period. 

The name Ptolemy was borne by several of his successors on the throne, so that the inscrip- 
tions on their coins was always the same, a fact that contributes much toward making the attribu- 
tion of the rich series of Egyptian coins very difficult. 

330 V. Phoenician Stater ; 7.15 gr. ; 18.5 mm. Obv. Head of Ptolemy I, dia- 
demed, r., wearing aegis. 

Rev., t BA^IAEQ^ | TTTOAEMAIOY Elephant quadriga 1., driven by Alexan- 
der the Great as son of Zeus Amnion, holding reins in 1. and thunderbolt in r. hand ; 
in exergue, spray of silphium. 

Spink tf Sou. 

The title of Bao-iAeus, assumed by Ptolemy in 305 B. C., fixes the date after which this piece 
must have been struck. Ptolemy had proceeded very slowly and cautiously in dropping what per- 
tained to Alexander from the coins, and perhaps in pursuance of that policy he is here introduced 
as an Egyptian deity. The silphium refers to Cyrene, where the piece may have been coined. 

Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, B. O. 285-246. 
The enlightened policy of Ptolemy Soter was followed by his son and successor. The great 
library was rapidly developed, and tradition has it that Philadelphus had the Septuagint version 
of the Hebrew Scriptures made, or at least begun, for the use of authors and scholars attracted to 
Alexandria. Celebrated among the writers lured to the court was Theocritus, whose 15th Idyl is 
a fulsome enconium upon Philadelphus and a clever bid for royal favor. The Pharos lighthouse 
long stood as a monument of the progressive reign of Philadelphus. 

331 N. Phoenician Pentedrachm ; 17.85 gr. ; 2Ij. mm. Obv. Head of Ptolemy 
I, Soter, diademed, r., wearing aegis ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. | BAllAEft^ TTTOAEMAIOY Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt ; infield, 
r., X. and buckler : around, circle of dots. 
27". Chapman. 



96 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

An eagle standing on a thunderbolt was the personal badge of Ptolemy II. It is found on 
his coins, first as a symbol in the field, later as the main type. Ptolemy II issued many coins with 
the portrait and types of his father. 

332 N. Phoenician Octadrachm ; 27.80 gr. ; 28 mm. Obv. AAEA<J>QN Busts 
jugate r. of Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, diademed, and Arsinoe II, diademed and veiled ; 
in field, buckler; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. | 0EQN Busts jugate r. of Ptolemy I, Soter, diademed and wearing aegis, 
and Berenice I, with veil and diadem ; around, circle of dots. 
Uarle Coll. ' 

333 N. Phoenician Distater ; 13.88 gr. ; 21 mm. Legends and types similar 
to preceding. 

Sir H. Weber Coll. 

These remarkable coins were struck in honor of the deified, dcoi, Soter and his queen Bere- 
nice, by Philadelphus and Arsinoe, brother and sister, &5e\<poi. These medallic pieces and numer- 
ous other great coins attest to the magnificence of the reign. 

Arsinoe II, wife of Ptolemy II 

334 N. Phoenician Octadrachm ; 27.80 gr. ; 27.5 mm. Obv. Head of Arsinoe 
II, r., with horn of Zeus Ammon,, wearing high stephane and veil; behind, E (=5th 
year ?) ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. t AP^INOH^ <HAAAEA<l>OY Double cornucopiae bound with long fillet. 
Con. Weber. 

335 N. Phoenician Distater ; 14-03 gr. ; 21.5 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding, 
but behind, K {—year 10?). 

Rev. | Legend and type similar to preceding; around, circle of dots. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

336 -#*-. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 14-69 gr. ; 20.5 mm. Obv. Head of Arsi- 
noe II, r., with horn of Zeus Ammon, wearing high stephane and veil ; behind, B (= 
year 2 f) ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. | AP^INOHS <1>IAAAEA<I>0Y Eagle standing 1. on thunderbolt; around, 
circle of dots. 

Spink cf- Son. 

337 ^R.. Phoenician Dekadrachm ; 35.33 gr. ; 37.5 mm. Obv. Similar to pre- 
ceding; behind, YY. 

Rev. | Similar to No. 334 ; around, circle of dots. 

Arsinoe died in 270 B. C. and was promptly deified. It lias been suggested that a new era 
was established dating from her death and that these coins with her portrait are dated in that era. 

Ptolemy III, Uuergetes, B. C. 246-221. 
The most important political facts in the reign of this king were the reunion of the Cyre- 
naica with Egypt and his long war with Seleucus II of Syria. The Cyfenaica was brought under 
the crown of Egypt by marriage with Berenice who had inherited the kingdom. In prosecuting 
the war against Syria Ptolemy carried his campaign as far east as Bactria, returning home only 
when disturbances there required his presence. He is said to have won the affections of Egypt- 
ians by bringing back with him the statutes of their gods Cambyses had carried away. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 97 

338 &. Phoenician Octadrachm ; 27.80 gr.; 26 mm. Obv. Bust of Ptolemy III 

r., wearing radiate diadem and aegis, trident-sceptre across 1. shoulder ; around, circle 
of dots. 

Rev. j BA^IAEQ^ TTTOAEMAIOY Radiate cornucopiae bound with fillet; in 
field, A I ; around, circle of dots. 

H. Chapman. 

Berenice II. 

This princess was the first of the dynasty to bear the title of Queen, having inherited it from 
her adoptive father Magas, king of the Cyrenaica. While Ptolemy was absent with his armies in 
Asia Berenice was regent of Egypt and in control of the fleet. At this time she apparently struck 
a large number of coins, including many of high value, required no doubt by the extraordinary 
expenses of the war. 

339 X. Attic Pentedrachm ; 21.37 gr. ; 26.5 mm. Obv. Bust of Berenice r., 
wearing diadem, veil, and necklace ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. t BA2IAI22H2 BEPENIKHS Cornucopiae bound with fillet; in field, 
two stars and E ; around, circle of dots. 
Sir H. Weber Coll. 

340 -^ T . Attic Dekadrachm ; 4-2.77 gr. ; 33.5 mm. Obv. Similar to preceding. 
Rev. | Similar to preceding. 

Consul Weber Coll. 

34! 1&. Phoenician Dekadrachm ; 34-86 gr. ; 35 mm. Obv. Similar to preced- 



ing. 



Rev. \ Similar to preceding, but no stars or letter in field. 
Virzi Coll. 



CYRENAICA. 

Cyrene was founded by people from Thera, who seem to have been the first Greeks to suc- 
ceed in establishing a successful and permanent settlement in this fertile section of the northern 
coast of Africa. The land had been often visited by Greeks and its resources were appreciated, 
but that was about all. The city was named for the nymph Cyrene, whom Apollo loved and 
transported to that coast, where she gave birth to Aristaeus. There was a cult in the Cyrenaica 
of Aristaeus as protector of crops and flocks. The country early became prosperous through agri- 
culture, grazing, trade with the native populations of the interior, and particularly from the culture 
of the now extinct silphium-plant. Silphium produced a widely-used and costly medicine and 
was also an excellent forage plant. The revenues of the government were largely derived from 
this plant. The plant became the badge of the country and is found as a type on its coins from 
first to last. 

Circ. B. C. 530-480. 

342 Euboic-Attic Tetradrachm ; 15.65 gr. ; 23.5 mm. Obv. Stalk of silphium 
with two leaves on each side ; at sides, two grains of same plant. 

Rev. \ Grain of silphium between two dolphins. 

Virzi Coll. 

The significance of the dolphins is still doubtful ; but it has been rather aptly suggested that 
they refer to the island home of the Therans who founded Cyrene. 



98 Catalogue op Giieek Coins 

Giro. B. C. 480-J/.31. 
In this period falls the brilliant reign of Arcesilas IV. The Gyrenaica had been tributary 
to Persia since the time of Cambyses, but after the reign of Darius the Persian domination was 
felt less, and the country attained a high degree of prosperity. Arcesilas IV is known from the 
Ode of Pindar in honor of his victory at Olympia in B. C. 460. 

343 Euboic- Attic Tetradrachm ; 16.75 gr.; 26 mm. Obv, Stalk of silphium with 
leaves and berries. 

Rev. \ KVPA Bearded head of Zeus Amnion, with ram's horns, r. ; around, cir- 
cle of dots. 

Spink Sf Son. 

B. C. 431-323. 

The reign of Arcesilas IV ended in B. C. 450 and not many years thereafter a republican 
form of government was established. There followed over a century of prosperity if one may 
rely upon the evidence of the abundant and splendid coinages, the evidence furnished by the 
remains of her potteries, as well as what historians have stated. 

344 V. Euboic- Attic Stater; 8.62 gr.; 20 mm. Obv. KYPANAION Quad- 
riga, walking r. driven by nymph Kyrene, wearing long chiton, holding whip in r. hand, 
the reins in both ; above, part of sun's disk ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. | Zeus Ammon seated on throne 1., himation around legs, holding eagle in 
outstretched r. hand ; in front, thymiaterion ; behind, XAIPIO^ ; around, circle of dots. 

345 N. Euboic-Attic Stater ; 8.62 gr. ; 19 mm. Obv. KYPANAION Walking 
quadriga r. driven by Nike, in long chiton, holding whip in r. hand, the reins in both. 

Rev. \ Zeus Ammon, laureate, standing to front, wearing himation, holding pat- 
era above thymiaterion with r., sceptre in 1. ; in field, r., roMANGETS (reading upivards); 
around, circle of dots. 

346 &• Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 12.87 gr. ; 27.5 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus 
Ammon, with rain's horn, 1. ; below, [API2] T0MHAE02. 

Rev. t K — V P — A N — A Stalk of silphium. 

After the marriage of Berenice to Ptolemy III it appears that a large measure of autonomy 
was left to Cyranaica, probably as a favor, for Ptolemy could have quickly and easily put down a 
revolt. This privileged republic struck bronze coins in its own name. 

347 iE. 10.72 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon, with rain's horn r. 
Rev. | K — I — N — N Stalk of silphium ; around, circle of dots. 



ZEUGITANA. 

Carthage occupied one of the very favorable commercial sites on the Mediterranean Sea. 
Ships bound for either western or eastern ports passed through the narrow stretch of water be- 
tween Sicily and Africa and necessarily put in at Carthage for safety and trade or at a Sicilian harbor 
which was often a Carthaginian colony. Thus this early ninth century colony of Tyre soon be- 
came one of the greatest and wealthiest cities of antiquity. It was for long in almost complete 
control of the western basin of the Mediterranean, including much of Sicily. The policy of mak- 



Catalogue of Greek Coixs 99 

ing that commercial domination complete occasioned long wars with Massilia, Etruria, and with 
the Greeks of Sicily. Her first great effort to seize Sicily was checked by the defeat at Himera in 
B. C. 480. Resuming the invasion in 410 B. C. Carthage destroyed or captured many of the 
greatest cities and held her gains till defeated by Timoleon in B. C. 340. Though defeated by 
Agathocles of Syracuse in B. C. 310, by Pyrrhus of Epirus in B. C. 278-275, yet it was not until 
after the long first struggle with Rome, B. C. 264-241, that the African power was forced from 
the island. The commercial and political importance of Carthage, however, was saved from im- 
mediate ruin by the hard peace terms Rome imposed by the timely discovery or profitable exploi- 
tation of the rich silver mines of Spain. These revenues financed another long struggle with 
Rome and postponed her destruction till B. C 146 following the short Third Punic War. Many 
of these events bear directly upon the history of the city's coinage, which began at a compara- 
tively late date. 

Coins Struck in Sicily, B. C. 410-310. 
The Carthaginians struck no coins until about the time of their invasion of Sicily in 410 
B. C. when they were probably compelled to do so to meet the demands of the great force of 
mercenaries they were then employing against the Greeks. They had long since known and used 
coins, but these were the coins of various cities and countries. For their first coinage they em- 
ployed the types of the Greek cities of Sicily with which their troops were already familiar. 

348 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.17 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Forepart of free horse 
galloping r., crowned by Nike flying r. ; in front, barley-grain. 

Rev. *- f v( \ft F^? (ntnn mn) "New City (of Carthage)". Date-palm tree. 
Virzi Coll. 

349 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.36 gr. : 25 mm. Obv. Free horse running r. 
crowned by Nike flying r. ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. / Date-palm tree ; around, circle of dots. 

Hirsch. 

The obverse of Xo. 348 is probably an imitation of a gold coin of Gela, while a Syracusan 
piece suggested the type on Xo. 349. But the horse is an appropriate device for a Carthaginian 
coin-type : whilst the date-palm tree suggests Africa. 

350 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm: 1 7.27 gr.: 29.5 mm. Obv. Head of Proserpine r., 
wearing barley-wreath, earring, and necklace ; around four dolphins ; the whole with- 
in circle of dots. 

Rev. / Free horse galloping r. ; in background, palm-tree. 
Mathey Coll. 

351 ^R. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.36 gr. ; 25 mm. Obv. Head of Proserpine 1., 
wearing barley-wreath, earring, and necklace ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. \ Free horse leaping r. ; in background, date-palm tree. 
H. Chapman. 

352 ^. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.23 gr. ; 21/. mm. Obv. Similar to preceding, 
but in front of head, thymiaterion. 

Rev. I Free horse standing r. before palm-tree, crowned by Nike flying 1. ; in 
field, r., kerykeion : beneath horse, 9j^ (DJl). 

353 J&. Attic Tetradrachm : 17. llf.gr.; 25 mm. Obv. Similar to last, but head 
turned to r. 



100 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

Rev. J Similar to last, horse turned to 1., the kerykeion also in 1. field ; the Punic 
letters ^ — 9 (<"! — 2) separated by foreleg of horse. 
• H. Chapman. 

354 JR.. Attic Tetradrachm ; 17.40 gr. ; 27 mm. Obv. Head of Persephone 1., 
wearing barley-wreath, earring, and necklace ; below chin, escallop shell ; around, four 
dolphins ; the whole within circle of dots. 

Rev. — > fi~||=n ^ ° (riJnD DJ? "Am Machanat" "People of the Camp"). Horse's 
head 1. ; behind, palm-tree ; around, circle of dots. 
Benson Coll. 

Nos. 350-354 have for obverse type a more or less successful imitation of the Persephone 
head on the Syracusan Dekadrachms by Euainetos. Some of them, such as the rather crude No. 
351, may be the work of a Carthaginian artist, while others were probably engraved by inferior 
Greek artists. 

In connection with the type of the horse's head the lines of Vergil pertaining to the found- 
ing of Carthage have been very aptly quoted: 

Quo primum, iactati undis et tu?-bine, Poeni 
effodere loco signum, quod regia Iuno 
monstrarat, caput acris equi. 

Aen. I, 442. 

Coins Struck at Carthage, B. C. 81fi-2%&. 

Toward the end of the fourth century B. C, probably about the time Agathocles carried the 
war over to the gates of Carthage, the issue of Siculo-Punic coins came to an end. It was in this 
period that the first coins were struck at Carthage. They were of gold and electrum and were no 
doubt occasioned by such special expenditures as were caused by the First Punic War. 

355 V. Phoenician Pentehemidrachm ; 9.36 gr. ; 20 mm. Obv. Head of Per- 
sephone 1., wearing barley-wreath, earring, and necklace with long pendants ; around, 
circle of dots. 

Rev. / Free horse standing r. ; around, circle of dots. 
Sangorski Coll. 

356 El. Phoenician Stater ; 17.4-8 gr. ; 19 mm. Obv. Head of Persephone 1., 
wearing barley-wreath, earring, and necklace. 

Rev. \ Free horse standing r. 
Earle Coll. 

B. C. 241-146. 

Immediately following their first war with Rome and the loss of Sicily the Carthaginians 
launched new enterprises in other of their possessions, notably the mining industry in Spain. In 
the last year of the war Hasdrubal had founded Nova Carthagena at the center of the richest 
silver mining district. The revenues from these mines were enormous and the coinages of the 
period doubtless reflect the fact. 

357 El. Phoenician Tridrachm ; 10.49 gr. ; 21.5 mm. Obv. Head of Perseph- 
one 1., crowned with barley, wearing earring and necklace with pendants. 

Rev \ Free horse standing r. ; above, radiate disc flanked by uraei. 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 101 

358 -fit. Phoenician Dodekadrachm ; 44.39.gr.; 39 mm. Obv. Head of Per- 
sephone 1., crowned with barley-wreath, wearing earring composed of three pendants, 
and necklace. 

Rev. | Free horse galloping 1. 
Rhousopoulos Coll. 

359 JR. Phoenician Dekadrachm; 39.07 gr. ; 39.5 mm. Obv. Head of Per- 
sephone 1., crowned with barley-wreath, wearing earring of single drop. 

Rev. -* fp c \f'3 (iTsniO) Pegasus flying r. The Punic legend, " B'rtsth ", 
" Byrsa ", was the name of the citadel of Carthage. 
Collignon Coll. 



NUMIDIA. 

There were two Numidian kingdoms up to the close of the Second Punic War, of one of 
which Gala was king, of the other Syphax. The latter sided with the Carthaginians, while Gala's 
son and successor Masinissa espoused the cause of Rome, and gave Scipio excellent assistance in 
the African campaign. For this Masinissa received a large portion of Carthaginian territory and 
the entire kingdom of Syphax, who was captured and taken to Rome to adorn Scipio's triumph. 
After the death of Masinissa the kingdom, then large and powerful, was divided by Scipio among 
the three sons, two of whom soon died leaving Micipsa sole monarch. Masinissa inaugurated the 
Xumidian coinage. 

Micipsa, B. C. 148-118. 

360 JR. Phoenician Tetradrachm ; 14-77 gr. ; 27.5 mm. Obv. Bearded head 
of Melkart, laureate, 1., his club across r. shoulder ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. \ Elephant r., with rider. 



SUPPLEMENTARY. 

LUCANIA. 
Thurium. 
36J JR. Italic Distater ; 15.78 gr. ; 26 mm. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing 
crested Athenian helmet adorned with Scylla, both hounds forward. 
Rev. \ 0OYPIQN Bull charging r. ; in exergue, fish r. 

Siris and Pyxus. The former of these cities was located on the Gulf of Tarentum near the 
mouth of the River Siris, from which the city derived its name. The poet Archilochus (v. Athe- 
naeus, 12, 5) mentions the Siris and praises its territory, which was evidently very fertile and the 
Sirites shared with the Sybarites a reputation for wealth and extreme luxury in their manner of 
living. Sometime in the latter half of the sixth century Siris was destroyed by Sybaris and Meta- 
pontum. 

Pyxus, of which very little is known, stood on the western coast of Bruttium. This Stater 
points to an alliance between the two cities. The nature of this alliance cannot be determined 
but it was probably commercial, Pyxus being the western port through which the commerce of 
Siris, after crossing the peninsula, reached central and northern Italy. 

Oirc. B. O. 550-520. 

362 IBL. Stater ; 7.84 gr. ; 29 mm. Obv. 0M-*1M^M (St/wo?). Bull 
standing 1. on line of heavy dots, his head turned back ; around, linear circle within 
circle of dots. 

Rev. | [0 E; M] X V 1 (IIu£oe?) Same type as obverse incuse ; on border, wreath 
incuse. 

The bull on this coin is probably a river-god, and very likely of the River Siris, the badge of 
the more important city being adopted for the coinage of the two towns. The fabric was peculiar 
to the cities of Majrna Graecia. See No. 31. 



CILICIAE. 
Mallus. 
Oirc. B. 0. 

363 -#*.. Persic Stater ; 10.75 gr. ; 24 mm. Obv. Bearded head of Kronos r., 
wearing broad ornamented taenia ; behind fish ; around, circle of dots. 

Rev. *— MAA Demeter in long chiton and peplos, wearing stephane and sphen- 
done, walking r. with torch in r. and ears of grain in 1. hand. 

Satrapal, Oirc. B. 0. 385. 

364 JR. Persic Stater ; 10.43 gr. ; 23 mm. Obv. Persian King running r., wear- 



Catalogue of Greek Coins 103 

ing kidaris and kandys, bow in 1. and in r. hand lance ending in an apple ; behind, grain 
of barley. 

Rev. / MAA Young Heracles, nude, standing r. on capital of a column and 
strangling lion with both arms ; behind, club ; border of dots. 

It is probable that Tiribazus was the Satrap who struck this coin, but it is not certain. The 
reverse almost certainly represents a group of sculpture, possibly by Myron. 



CYPRUS. 

Amathus, situate on the southern coast of Cyprus, was one of the oldest cities of the island 
and later one of the most powerful of the numerous petty kingdoms of Cyprus. The cult of Venus 
was established at Amathus as well as at several other Cyprian cities : Est Amathus, est celsa mihi 
Paphos .... Idaliaeque donnts .... (Verg. Aen. X, 51) says Yenus in her prayer to Jupiter in 
behalf of Ascanius. 

Zotimosi, B. C. 385- 

365 JR.. Rhodian Stater ; 6.4I gr.; 21 mm. Obv. ()T// (in ex.). Lion lying 
r. on a platform, the jaws open ; above, eagle flying r. 

Rev. f Forepart of lion r. with jaws open; in field, ()T// (Zw — tl — fico). 
The attribution to Amathus of the group of coins to which this specimen belongs is not 
certain. 

Citium, situated on the southern coast, was the Phoenician capital of Cyprus, whilst Salamis 
was the chief city of the Greek population. The line of kings of Citium extends from the sixth 
century till the time of the Ptolemies. Under the latter one of the chief mints of Cyprus was at 
Citium ; and there also was established the cult of Aphrodite, or Astarte. It was the birthplace 
of Zeno, the founder of the Stoic Philosophy. 

Baalmelek II, B. 0. 425-400. 

366 JR. Persic Stater ; 10.69 gr. ; 19 mm. Obv. Heracles wearing lion's skin, 
moving r., bow in 1. and his club raised above head in r. 

Rev. f [-/ 4] ^ 4. ° [9 h\ (ibDbyzb) Lion bringing down stag, both r., in square of 
dots, within incuse square. 

Golgi was situated on the southern coast of Cyprus opposite Cilicia according to Babelon ; 
but the site of the city is not known with certainty. And equally, or even more, uncertain is the 
attribution of a considerable series of coins to the place. 

367 JR. Persic Stater ; 10.56 gr. ; 23.5 mm. Obv. Lion crouching r. ; in ex- 
ergue^ ; the whole in circle of dots. 

Rev. \ Bull standing 1. ; below, A ; the whole in dotted square in an incuse 
square. 

Idalium was situated but a few miles from Citium, with which city it was evidently in close 
political relations from early times and by which it was conquered and annexed in the reign of 
Azbaal, 15. C. 449-425. The place was chiefly famous in antiquity for the groves and temple of 
Aphrodite. 



104 Catalogue of Greek Coins 

After B. 0. 460. 

368 iR. Persic Stater ; 10.98 gr. ; 22 mm. Obv. Sphinx with curled wing, 
seated 1. on a tendril with bud and flower on which she places r. paw ; in field, r., 44 
(Ba), 1., ^ J (Ka— pa). 

Rev. S Lotos-flower on two spiral tendrils ; in field, r., ivy-leaf, 1., astragalos. 
Both the sphinx and the lotos flower of these types are related to the worship of Aphrodite- 
Astarte. 

Paphos, situate near the River Bocarus on the southwestern side of the island, was an ancient 
city of Phoenician or Syrian origin. Greek writers differ as to the founder of the city and of the 
famous temple of Aphrodite or Astarte, some claiming that Aerias and others that Cinyras was 
the founder. For ages the temple remained famous. Tacitus (H. II, 3) gives an account of the 
visit of Titus to Paphos, especially to visit the shrine of Aphrodite, and describes the worship. 
The effigy of the goddess was not in human form hut a mere conical stone — continuus orbis latiore 
initio tenuem in ambitum metae modo exsurgens .... 

Giro. B. C. 460. 

369 ^R-. Persic Stater ; 10.72 gr. ; 2 If mm. Obv. Bull, with bearded human 
head, standing 1. 

Rev. I Eagle's head 1. in dotted square ; in upper left corner, palmette ; beneath 
head, guilloche ; the whole in incuse square. 



PHOENICIA. 

Sidon. 

370 ^-. Phoenician Shekel ; 14-16 gr.; 29 mm. Obv. Head of Tyche r., wear- 
ing turreted crown, veil, and earring, in circle of dots. 

Rev. J ^lAQNOS THS— IEPA2 KAI ASYAOY Eagle standing 1. on a prow 
of galley, palm-branch over r. side; in field, 1., LN (year 50^), r., £. 



GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 



Abdera Thraciae .. . 
Abydus Troadis . . . 
Acanthus 3Iacedoniae . 
Aegae Macedoniae . . 

Aegina 

Aenus Thraciae . . . 

Aetolia 

Agrigentnra Siciliae 
Amastris Paphlagoniae 
Araathus Cypri ... 
Amphipolis Macedoniae 

Arcadia 

Argos Argolidis . . . 
Arpi Apuliae .... 
Aspendus Pamphyliae . 
Atella Canipaniae . . 
Athens .... 



Bithynia . . . 

Boeotia 

Bruttii 

Byzantium Thraciae 



Calchedon Bitbyniae 
Camarina Siciliae 
Camirus Rhodi . . 



impama 



42 
73 

* 34 
33 
54 
42 
48 
15 
68 

103 
37 
61 
60 
4 
84 
2 
53 



Caria 

Carpathus 

Carthago Zeugitanae 

Carystus Euboeae 51 

Catana Siciliae 17 

Centuripae Siciliae 17 

Ceos 64 

Chalcidice 3Iacedoniae 34 

Chios 70 

Cibyra Phrygiae 33 

Cilicia 102 

Citiura Cypri 1Q3 

Clazomenae Ioniae 74 

Cnos8U8 Cretae <31 

Corinth 55 

Cos 80 



Crete .... 
Croton Bruttii 
Cydonia Cretae . 
Cyprus .... 
Cyrene Cyrenaicae 
Cyzicus Mysiae . 



Dicaea Thraciae 



Egyptus . . . . 
Eleutherua Cretae . 

Elis 

Ephesus Ioniae . . 
Epidaurus Argolidis 

Epirus 

Eretria Euboeae. . . 
Erythrae Ioniae . . 
Eryx Siciliae . . . 

Etruria 

Euboea 



Gela Siciliae . 
Gortyna Cretae 



Heracleia Lucaniae 
Himera Siciliae . 



Ichnae Macedoniae 
Idalium Cypri 
Itanns Cretae . . 
Ionia .... 



Lacedaeraon Laconiae 
Lamia Thessaliae 
Lampsacus Mysiae . 
Larissa Thessaliae . 
Laus Lucaniae . . 
Leontini Siciliae . . 



61 

10 

62 

103 



43 

95 
62 
56 
74 
60 
47 
52 
75 
18 

51 



19 

34 

103 

63 

74 

59 
45 
71 
46 



Lesbos 74 

Lycia 

Lydia 

Locris 

Locri Epizephyrii Bruttii .... 
Lucania .... 



83 
82 
49 
12 
102 



106 



Geographical Index 



Magnesia ad Maeandrum Ioniae . . 75 

Mallus Cilciae 102 

Megara Megaridis 54 

Melos 64 

Mende Macedoniae 36 

Messana Siciliae 20 

Messene Messeniae 59 

Metapontum Lucaniae 7 

Methymna Lesbi 74 

Miletus Ioniae 76 

Motya Siciliae 21 

Mysia . 70 

Naxos insula 65 

Naxos Siciliae 21 

Nuceria Alfaterna Campaniae ... 3 

Numidia 101 

Oetaei Thessaliae 46 

Olynthus Macedoniae 35 

Orthagoreia Macedoniae 34 

Orrescii Macedoniae 33 

Paeonia 42 

Pamphylia 84 

Panormus Siciliae 22 

Panticapaeum 44 

Paphlagonia 68 

Paphus Cypri 104 

Paros 65 

Peloponnesus 56 

Perga Pamphyliae 84 

Pergamum Mysiae 72 

Phaestus Cretae 63 

Pheneus Arcadiae 61 

Pherae Thessaliae ....... 47 

Pbilippi Macedoniae 37 

Phistelia Campaniae 3 

Phlius Phliasiae 56 

Phoenicia 104 

Phrygia 83 

Pontus 67 

Pyxus Lucaniae 102 



Polyrhenium Cretae 64 

Poseidonia Lucaniae 8 

Potidaea Macedoniae ...... 36 

Praesus Cretae 64 

Proconnesus Mysiae 73 

Rhegium Bruttii 13 

Rhodus . 81 

Samos 78 

Samothrace 44 

Segesta Siciliae '. 23 

Selinus Siciliae 23 

Seriphus 65 

Sicyon Sicyoniae . 56 

Sidon Phoenices 104 

Sinope Paphlagoniae 68 

Siris Lucaniae 102 

Smyrna Ioniae 76 

Suessa Aurunca Campaniae .... 3 

Syracuse Siciliae 24 

Tanagra Boeotiae 50 

Tarentum Calabriae 5 

Teate Apuliae 4 

Tenedos 73 

Teos Ioniae 77 

Terina Bruttii 14 

Terone Macedoniae 35 

Thebae Boeotiae 50 

Thera 66 

Thessali 47 

Thessalia . . 45 

Thracia 42 

Thermal Macedoniae 34 

Thurium Lucaniae 8, 102 

Troas 73 

Velia Lucaniae 9 

Venusia Apuliae 4 

Zacynthus 58 

Zeugitana 98 



INDEX OF KINGS AND DYNASTS. 



Alexander of Epirus 5, 47 

Alexander I of Macedon 38 

Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon 40 

Alexander of Pherae 47 

Aniyntas III of Macedon .... 39 

Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon . . 41 

Antimachus I of Bactria 93 

Archelaus I of Macedon 39 

Arsinoe II of Egypt 96 

Berenice II of Egypt 97 

Demetrius of Bactria 93 

Demetrius Poliorcetes of Macedon . 41 



Euagoras II of Salamis Cypri 
Eumenes II of Pergamum 
Euthydemus II of Bactria 



Gelon of Syracuse 



25 



Heliocles of Bactria 94 

Hicetas of Syracuse 31 

Hidrieus of Caria 79 

Hieronymus of Syracuse 32 

Hieron I of Syracuse 25 

Hieron II of Syracuse 32 

Lycceius of Paeonia 42 

Lysimachus of Thrace 45 

Mithradates VI of Pontus and Bosporus 67 

Philetaerus of Pergamum .... 72 

Philip II of Macedon 39 

Prusias I, II of Bithynia 69, 70 

Ptolemy I, Soter, of Egypt .... 95 

Ptolemy II, Philadelphus .... 95 

Ptolemy III, Euergetes 96 

Pyrrhus of Epirus 5, 48 

Taththivaibi of Lycia 84 



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ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Plate II 




Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate III 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate IV 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Plate V 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate VI 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate Vll 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate VIII 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate IX 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Plate X 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XI 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XII 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Plate XIII 




Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XIV 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XV 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XVI 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XVII 



244 ^ 245 — ' 2 



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ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Plate XVIII 





ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XX 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XXI 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XXII 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XXIII 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XXIV 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



Clarence S. Bement Collection 



Plate XXV 




ANCIENT GREEK COINS 



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